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There is a debate on asymmetry of foramina of the skull base. No certain consensus about the initiation time and the causes of asymmetry in the past was documented. Studies are to be encouraged to further enlighten pre-postnatal factors affecting the fetal skull base morphometrism.

Purpose: We aimed to evaluate carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT) and epicardial adipose tissue thickness (EATT) concurrently as early atherosclerotic markers in pediatric patients with Celiac disease. Materials and Methods: Patients with Celiac disease (n=54) and healthy peers (n=54) aged 5-18 years were enrolled in this cross-sectional study. Patients who followed gluten free diet at least the past 12 months were included. Anthropometric and biochemical measurements were performed. cIMT and EATT were measured by echocardiography and compared between the patient and control groups. Results: Body mass index (17.4±3.0 vs. 18.4±3.1 kg/m2), blood pressure (systolic: 100 (85-120) vs. 100 (80-100) mmHg; diastolic: 60 (40-90) vs. 70 (40-90) mmHg), and lipid profile (total cholesterol: 144.6±30.2 vs. 150.8±22.6 mg/dL; triglycerides: 71.5 (27-178) vs. 92.5 (34-203) mg/dL) were not different between the patient and control groups, while there were significant differences in cIMT and EATT. The patient group had higher cIMT (0.50±0.07 vs. 0.45±0.04 mm) and EATT (5.68±0.90 vs. 4.22±0.76 mm) than the control group. The risk of vitamin D insufficiency was 2.68 times higher in the patient group (95% CI=1.19-6.03). Conclusions: Children with Celiac disease had higher cIMT and EATT than healthy peers. cIMT and/or EATT measurements by echocardiography may present as a reliable and easy method to investigate subclinical atherosclerosis in children with Celiac disease.

Objective: Congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT) are the most common causes of chronic renal failure in children. Although data about the growth failure and cognitive impairment in children with end-stage renal disease are available, there are insufficient data about the developmental screening in infanthood of children with CAKUT. The aim of this study is to evaluate the neurodevelopment of children with CAKUT using the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development Screening Test, Third Edition (Bayley-III). Materials and Methods: The cognitive, language, receptive communication, expressive communication, global motor, gross motor, and fine motor scores of children aged 1-41 months diagnosed with CAKUT (n=30) were compared with healthy controls (n=32). Results: There was no significant difference between groups with regard to the age, height, weight, head circumference, body mass index, mid-arm circumference, triceps skinfold thickness and the language, expressive communication, receptive communication, gross motor, fine motor, and global motor scores (p>0.05). Maternal age, the weight at birth, and the educational level of mothers were similar in both groups (p>0.05). There was no significant relationship between the educational level of mothers, iron deficiency anemia, and Bayley-III scores (p>0.05). Cognitive scores of children with CAKUT were significantly lower than scores of the control group (p=0.04). Cognitive scores of patients with recurrent urinary tract infection were lower than −1 standard deviation value. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that children with CAKUT who have a recurrent urinary tract infection history have delayed cognitive developmental outcomes compared with healthy children, as assessed using Bayley-III. The neurodevelopment of these children should be closely followed up and supported in the early period.

TEZER, M. S.; ELVAN, Ö.; GILAN, I. Y.; TÜRKEGÜN, M.; ESEN, K. & ÖZGÜR, A.Radiological management of the exiting points of supraorbital region neurovascular bundles. Int. J. Morphol., 35(4):1391Morphol., 35(4): -1395Morphol., 35(4): , 2017. SUMMARY:A preoperative computed tomography scan is useful to determine neurovascular exit points from orbit to supraorbital region. Determining the structure of exiting points (absence or presence, if present, being in form of foramen or notch) is important to plan the surgical approach. The aim of the study was to provide the radiological data by multi-detector computed tomography for estimating exiting points of the neurovascular bundles of the supraorbital region whether through foramen or notch in living subjects related to side (right/left), sex and age. Computed tomography examinations of 214 (102 male and 112 female) adult patients, aged average 44.2 ± 14 years, were evaluated, retrospectively. Presence or absence, number and nature (foramen/notch) of exiting points of neurovascular bundles were noted in each side regarding sex and age groups. The distance of foramen/notch to the midline of the face was recorded. Single notch was seen on the right in 123 and in 134 on the left, single foramen was seen in 62 on the right and in 56 on the left side and double foramen was seen in 13 on the right and in 6 on the left. The absence was seen in 16 on the right and 18 on the left side. No significant difference was seen on frequency compared between the sexes and age groups. Foramen was seen in 58 sides unilaterally and in 39 sides bilaterally. Notch was unilateral in 75 sides and bilateral in 95 sides. It was shown that males had a wider distance between right side foramen and left side notch to midline. Age groups did not show a significant difference in terms of side. Absence and foramen presence made up about 30-40 % of cases. Notch was the most common form. Foramen/notch presence was statistically unaffected by the sex and age factors. In terms of surgery, preoperative assessment of orbital exit points with computed tomography is essential.