This paper provides a perspective on progress toward realization of efficient, fully integrated dc-dc conversion and regulation functionality in CMOS platforms. In providing a comparative assessment between the inductor-based and switchedcapacitor approaches, the presentation reviews the salient features in effectiveness in utilization of switch technology and in use and implementation of passives. The analytical conclusions point toward the strong advantages of the switched-capacitor (SC) approach with respect to both switch utilization and much higher energy densities of capacitors versus inductors. The analysis is substantiated with a review of recently developed and published integrated dc-dc converters of both the inductor-based and SC types.Index Terms-Charge-pump, high power density, power supply on chip, switched-capacitor (SC) dc-dc converters. I. INTRODUCTIONT HE demand for integrated power conversion, regulation, and management functions has progressed along with advances in computing, communicating, and other integrated circuit technologies. Nevertheless, efficient integrated power conversion is now at its infancy in relation to the maturing development of the system-on-chip (SOC) functions that would be best served by such converters. Since present day multicore processors dissipate power in the range of 1 W/mm 2 , and would also ideally utilize many independently controlled voltage rails, a target benchmark is an integrated dc-dc conversion and regulation design that 1) handles about 10 W/mm 2 1 ; 2) steps down from a conveniently chosen voltage above typical CMOS core operating voltages; 3) provides high efficiency over a wide load and voltage range; 4) provides tight regulation; and 5) is highly scalable for granular implementation. Although there are now promising paths toward this set of goals, with both Manuscript

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Abstract-This paper presents an approach for nominally lossless regulation of the output voltage, and for design of tight closed-loop voltage control of a resonant switched-capacitor (ResSC) dc-dc converter. A switching pattern for the ResSC dc-dc converter that enables wide range lossless voltage regulation and zero voltage switching (ZVS) is developed. An appropriate small signal model is derived based on the generalized averaging method. In view of the dynamics of the developed small signal transfer functions, a compensation method based on a minor phase loop is introduced to stabilize the system. The steady state and transient responses of the system are evaluated based on the developed model. The performance of the proposed controller is verified by a switch-based simulation in a design example for on-chip power delivery application.

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