BackgroundDiarrhoeal disease is the second leading cause of death among children aged below 5 years. Even though, both preventable and treatable diseases, globally there are nearly 1.7 billion cases of childhood diarrhoeal disease and responsible for killing around 525,000 children every year. Shigella and Salmonella species were the leading cause of etiologic agents for diarrhoea associated deaths. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and antibiotic susceptibility patterns of Shigella and Salmonella isolated from children aged below 5 years with diarrhoea attending Nigist Eleni Mohammed Memorial Hospital, Hossana, South Ethiopia.MethodsA cross sectional study was conducted from June 02 to September 24, 2017. Two hundred four children aged below 5 years with diarrhoea were enrolled consecutively using convenience sampling technique. Stool specimens were processed in accordance with the standard bacteriological methods and antibiotic susceptibility pattern of the isolates was determined using disc diffusion method. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 20.ResultsOut of the 204 children aged below 5 years with diarrhoeal disease 19/204 (9.3%, [95%CI, 5.7–13.7%]) of them were positive for bacterial growth, of which 17/204(8.3%) were Shigella species and 2/204(1%) were Salmonella species. Both Shigella and Salmonella isolates were 100% susceptible to norfloxacin, nalidixic acid and kanamycin. However, isolates of Shigella showed 100, 76.5 and 64.7% resistance to ampicillin, gentamicin and cotrimoxazole respectively while Salmonella species were highly resistant to ampicillin and gentamicin (100% each).ConclusionsSalmonella and Shigella species is prevalent in the current study area. Among the tested antibiotics, norfloxacin, nalidixic acid and kanamycin were found to be most effective for both isolates. Both species are developing resistance to the commonly prescribed antibiotic. Therefore, culture based bacterial species identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing services are strongly recommended to avoid empirical treatment in the study area.

The city of Addis Ababa is experiencing wide range of changes in terms of physical, socioeconomic , and environmental aspects. Its administration has implementing various programs to restructure and to create resilient city. However, empirical researchers argue that despite remarkable achievements in restructuring of the city to make it more livable, there are several and complex urban downsides and bottlenecks. With this regards, this study is conducted to identify the resilience of sampled residents in Teklehayimanot areas of Addis Ababa city using cognitive mapping strategy. The study is carried out taking a case study of specific area of Teklhayimant District in which three specific sites are randomly selected from the district. From these three different sites, three informants are randomly selected from each specific site. The research has pursued a qualitative research approach substantiated by descriptive research design to analyze and interprets data. To gather pertinent data from respondents, the research has employed in-depth interview, observation and document analysis tools. Besides, secondary data are generated from literature through review of documents. The findings of the study indicate that respondents had almost similar understandings of their surroundings in terms of the socioeconomic values. It is discovered that respondents observe the social, economic, and physical changes in their respective area closely and that the restructuring processes are perceived as it bears impacts on their physical, socioeconomic lives. Two of the respondents argued that the reconstruction and re-establishment efforts that the city administration conducts in the area are significantly harming the social, economic, and physical conditions of the residents while the other respondent stated that the change are important as far as they are planned and reserve the social and economic bonds of the society. In general, the cognitive mapping portrayed by respondents from three different localities of the study area indicates that respondents are highly affiliated to the living condition they are leading. It indicates that the city administration efforts of restructuring of the area must integrate all scope of resilience, as the residents are exceedingly worried about their firmed economic and social existence. In addition, it is suggested that the range of instruments including effective communication, participatory approach, and integrative urban development framework will help the city administration to its concerns to make the city more resilience. This will also bring opportunities to manage the change in well-organized manner.

BackgroundPlasmodium vivax accounts for about 44 % of all malaria infection in Ethiopia. Chloroquine (CQ) is the first-line treatment for vivax malaria in Ethiopia. Chloroquine-resistant (CQR) P. vivax has been emerging in different parts of the world to compromise the efficacy of the drug and pose both health and economic impact in the developing world. The current study was aimed at assessing the therapeutic efficacy of CQ for the treatment of vivax malaria among outpatients at Hossana Health Care Centre, southern Ethiopia.MethodsA one-arm, 28-day follow-up, in vivo therapeutic efficacy study was conducted from 5 April to 25 June, 2014. Sixty-three patients aged between four and 59 years were enrolled with microscopically confirmed P. vivax infection. All patients were treated with CQ 25 mg/kg for 3 days. Recurrence of parasitaemia and clinical conditions of patients were assessed on days 1, 2, 3, 7, 14, 21, and 28 during the 28-day follow-up period. Haemoglobin (Hb) level was determined on day 0, day 28 and on day of recurrence of parasitaemia by using portable spectrophotometer.ResultsOf the total 63 patients included in the study, 60 (95.2 %) completed their 28-day follow-up; three patients were excluded from the study: one patient due to vomiting of the second dose of drug, one patient due to Plasmodium falciparum infection and one patient lost to follow-up during the study. During enrolment, 35 (53.3 %) had a history of fever and 28 (46.7 %) had documented fever. The geometric mean of parasite density on day of enrolment was 3472 parasites/μl. Among these, two patients had recurrent parasitaemia within the 28-day follow-up. CQ was found to be efficacious in 96.7 % of the study participants except two treatment failures detected. The failure might be due to late parasitological failure among these two patients who had recurrent parasitaemia within the 28-day follow-up.ConclusionThe current study revealed that CQ showed a high rate of efficacy (96.7 %) among the study participants even though some reports from previous studies elsewhere in Ethiopia showed an increase in CQR P. vivax. Thus, CQR molecular markers and regular monitoring of the pattern of resistance to CQ is needed for rapid and effective control measures of possible spread of drug resistance in the study area.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12936-015-0983-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Introduction Malaria continues to strike hardest against the health and economic development in Ethiopia. The peak of malaria incidence follows the main rainfall season in each year; however, its transmission tends to be highly heterogeneous within or between years and from area to area. Thus, this study was aimed to determine the trend prevalence of malaria in Mojo town, central Ethiopia. Methods A retrospective study was conducted in Mojo town, East Shoa zone, Ethiopia from February to March 2021. Malaria cases and related data documented between 2016 and 2020 were carefully reviewed from laboratory registration logbooks. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Results A total of 19,106 blood films were examined from malaria-suspected patients. The overall microscopically confirmed prevalence of malaria was 4.2% (793/19,106). Plasmodium vivax was the predominant species accounting for 76.2% (604/793) of positive samples. Malaria cases declined from 259 in 2016 to 77 in 2020. The proportion of malaria was higher among males (64.8%, 514/793) than females (35.2%, 279/793) (P < 0.0001). Higher malaria cases were observed from the age group 15–24 years followed by the age group of 25–34 (P < 0.0001). The number of malaria cases was at a high level from September to November and lowest from December to February. Conclusion Despite a declining trend of malaria prevalence, it remains a public health burden in the area. P. vivax , the predominant species, should get attention during prevention and control strategies for the successful progress of the malaria elimination program.

Knowledge of the quantities and composition of the municipal solid waste is fundamental for the planning and development of waste management systems for cities. The objective of this study was to determine the composition and generation rate of household, commercial firms, government institutions and health care facilities solid waste in Laga Tafo Laga Dadi town, Oromia, Ethiopia. Representative Samples were randomly selected from all studied units for the solid waste generation rate per capita and composition determination. Formal survey using structured questionnaire was conducted to gather data on socio-economic condition and current waste management practices of the inhabitants. The per capita daily solid waste generation for household range 0.43 -0.46 kg and hotels, other business sectors and institutions were found to be 1.81, 1.57, and 0.41% kg/capita/day, respectively. The per capita daily solid waste generation in health facilities was found to be 9.61 kg/fac/day. The survey indicated that the household solid waste is composed of organic biodegradable 76% (food 62%) and ash 5% of the total weight of the sorted waste. Moreover recyclables constituents of the solid waste shared about 14.75% of the total weight. The Ropack residential village solid waste was composed of 48.66% organic (37.69% food) and bone accounts for 37.69% which equal to food waste. The recyclable and miscellaneous wastes account 13.94% and 2.76%, respectively. The organic waste of hotels accounts 67.45% (48.10% food) and the recyclables waste 2.44%. Likewise the ash was about 11%. Other business entities accounted 81.68% (68.81% food waste), recyclable shared 23.17% and the ash was 2.68% with miscellaneous 3.51%. The study also indicated that 37.72% infectious, 23.68% Sharps and 38.61% non-hazardous constituents of solid waste generated by the health care facilities in the town. From the result of this survey it can be concluded that, biodegradable solid waste constituted a lion share of the solid wastes generated in the town. Thus, the municipality can recover this waste by introducing an integrated urban agriculture that might convert this waste to organic fertilizer through composting.