highest pust out strengths were obtained in apical sections followed by middle and coronal.

The second premolars have the highest incidence of congenital absence, after the third molars. The problem resides not in the prevalence of congenitally missing premolars but in the selection of a treatment plan that will yield the best results over the long term. The present study reports a case of a 14 year old female patient with bilaterally congenitally missing second mandibular premolars with associated crowding of teeth. The case has been managed using a multi-speciality approach, in which both deciduous mandibular second molars were sectioned and the distal half retained. The retained half was prepared to receive a full coverage restoration which was contoured as a premolar. The space created was then utilized to correct the crowding by fixed orthodontics. A two year follow up shows retained distal half of the deciduous mandibular second molar with correction of crowding and space closure.

No abstract

The aim of this article was to provide a brief overview of the characteristics, risk of transmission and infection control implications of prions in dentistry. The literature search was performed using MEDLINE. Limiting the searches to articles in English, potential relevant articles that include the keywords. Transmissible spongiform encephalitis(TSE) are a group of fatal neurodegenerative diseases that are rapidly progressive and always fatal, with no approved cure and their definite diagnosis can only be obtained at post mortem autopsy. Because there is a theoretical but real risk of transmission of prion diseases from dental instruments, as a general rule, family and medical history including the risk of prion diseases should be obtained from all patients, before all dental procedures. TSE research regarding diagnosis, transmission, treatment and inactivation of prions and other transmissible amyloidoses are ongoing, and, thus dental professionals should maintain optimal and up-to-date standards of knowledge, infection control and decontamination.

This case report presents the endodontic management of a maxillary second molar with 2 palatal roots, which have canals with separate orifices and apical foramen. The diagnosis was confirmed by the clinical and radiographic examination of the tooth. Root-canal treatment was performed using rotary instrumentation with Protaper files and obturated with corresponding protaper gutta percha cones and AH Plus sealer.