Direct detection of saponins in soapnuts (Sapindus mukorossi) using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy is investigated in this project. Potassium bromide powder was mixed with extracted powder of soapnuts and compressed to a thin pellet for examination process. The outcome of the FTIR spectra of saponin demonstrated characteristic triterpenoid saponin absorptions of OH, C = O, C-H, and C = C, while the glycoside linkages to the sapogenins were indicated by the absorptions of C-O. The significance of this study is that saponin absorption peaks are directly detectable in crude aqueous and 95% ethanol extracts of soapnuts powder using FTIR spectroscopy, thereby eliminating the need of further expensive and exhaustive purification steps. The extracts of soapnuts were screened for saponins along with controls by phytochemical tests, and advanced spectroscopic techniques such as ultra fast liquid chromatography and ultra performance liquid chromatography quadrupole-time of flight-mass spectrometry were also implemented to validate the saponins.

The role of vermiremediation technique has been accepted all over the world for many years to reduce the concentrations of pollutant in the contaminated soil to acceptable levels. However, limited study has been found in the case of Kuwaiti oil contaminated sand using earthworms. This paper address the potential of decomposing petroleum hydrocarbons in terms of total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) present in Kuwaiti oil contaminated sand ranging from 5000 to 25,000 mg/ kg using earthworms (Eisenia fetida). It was observed that the TPH of < 5000 mg/kg was not harmful for the survival of earthworms, nevertheless TPH of 10,000 mg/kg reduced their survival to 50%. Moreover, the results indicate that that vermiremediation could effectively reduce the TPH of about 5000 mg/kg every 5 weeks. This study suggested that the crude oil could be consider as one of the main challenging for the survival of earthworms, therefore several factors such as type of soil, moisture content, temperature, organic matter content and pH need to maintain and enhance during the remediation process to support the earthworm's activity.

The effects of different operating parameters on the treatment efficiency of Oily wastewater in terms of biological oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) were measured. The analyses of BOD using biosensors OxiTop are reviewed regarding performance characteristics like linearity, response time, precision, agreement between BOD28 values obtained from the biosensors and the ultimate UBOD, as well as toxic resistance and COD. The Wastewater samples were seeded with the bacteria, which isolated in the current study from Kuwaiti oil contaminated sand such as, Bacillus mycoidesis and Bacillus subtilis. After 18 days, the margin for saponin solution and oily wastewater using either Rhododcoccus (R), mixture of Bacillus mycoidesis & Bacillus subtilis (M) or mixture of R&M were exhibited the maximum rate of BOD. It was found that the corresponding COD of the saponin solution (SS) ranged from 1,525 mg/l to 3,890 mg/l by distilled water and mixture (RM), respectively. While the COD of oily wastewater (WW) ranged from 2,900 mg/l to 4,450 mg/l by distilled water and mixture of (RM), respectively. Moreover, the higher values of BOD28 were recorded when mixture of bacteria's added together with the saponin solution or oily wastewaters. Furthermore, the average values of UBOD for the oily wastewater with RM or with amendment substance were increased about 33.5% and 49.5%, respectively. However, BOD28/COD ratios for all the selected have been found to be less than 0.4, indicating low aerobic degradability.

A new measurement method of weathered crude oil in soil was reviewed. There is no standard method for the extraction of crude oil from soil. Hence, a basic initial test was carried out and several methods such as gravimetric and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) with various parameters such as weight, solvent and time. The gravimetric process was demonstrated to be the most effective for quantifying weathered contamination crude oil in contaminated soil. The dichloromethane DCM, mixture of DCM: hexane (1:1 v/v mix) and the mixture of acetone: hexane (1:1 v/v mix) were used to investigate the ability of solvent extraction technique for removing weathered crude oil from soil under various extraction conditions. The mixture of acetone: hexane (1:1 v/v mix) was demonstrated to be the most effective in removing total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) from contaminated soils. 5 g and 1 g weights of oil-contaminated samples were studied to select the best weight depending on contamination level. 1g of contaminated soil was cleaned in three cycles whilst the 5 g of contaminated soil required six cycles. The selected parameters recovered about 97.20% of the weathered crude oil. These parameters were influenced with character of high efficiency, low cost, low toxicity, and short time.