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Root-knot nematodes (RKN), Meloidogyne incognita factors for the production of tomato in Ethiopia. Recently, the most efficient chemical control products like methyl bromide have now been restricted due to their toxic characteristics. Biopesticides were evaluated against incognita on tomato plants in laboratory and green house conditions of Haramaya University (Ethiopia). The study was conducted with the objectives to evaluate the e some biocontrols i.e. Bacillus firmus, Trichoderma harzianum, indica), garlic bulb (Allium sativum) on M. incognita biocontrols for the management of root-knot nematode These biologically active factors exhibit the property to resist against concentrations for each treatments were used and analysis for the efficiency of bio pesticides was made effect of these concentrations were perceived on egg hatchability, gall formation, number of eggs, final nematode population, plant height, reproduction factor, shoot and root weight. In laboratory tests, an aqueous suspension of bio pes 3 and 4% concentration reduced egg hatching from 8.4 to In green house trials, Bacillus firmus applied at 4 % concentration per pot formation by 85.7 %, number of eggs and f consequently, improvement of plant height respectively as compared to the inoculated control, 50 days after treatment. Application of garlic bulb (Allium sativum) at 4 % concentration per pot r number of eggs and final nematode population by 28 and 61.5 %, respectively. Findings illustrated that the tested bio agents and botanicals were effective for managing nematodes, M. incognita. However, Bacillus firm their potentials more than neem seed (Azadirachta indica) for managing M. incognita. Thus, they seem to be effective for the management of root knot nematode and has the potential to be a vital component of integrated management for root-knot nematode. Abstract Article InformationMeloidogyne incognita are important pests and major limiting factors for the production of tomato in Ethiopia. Recently, the most efficient chemical like methyl bromide have now been restricted due to their toxic evaluated against root-knot nematode, Meloidogne on tomato plants in laboratory and green house conditions of Haramaya e study was conducted with the objectives to evaluate the e ect of Trichoderma harzianum, neem seed (Azadirachta M. incognita and to compare the potentials of knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) on tomato. These biologically active factors exhibit the property to resist against M. incognita. Different concentrations for each treatments were used and analysis for the efficiency of bio esticides was made effect of these concentrations were perceived on egg hatchability, gall formation, number of eggs, final nematode population, plant height, reproduction factor, shoot and root weight. In laboratory tests, an aqueous suspension of bio pesticides at 1, 2, reduced egg hatching from 8.4 to 100 %, 24 -days after treatment. applied at 4 % concentration per pot reduced gall %, number of eggs and final nematode population by 37 and 72 %, and shoo...

Bed cleaning is an important silkworm rearing process to ensure the hygiene in the immediate vicinity of silkworms in order to protect from disease infection and to ensure them good feeding appetite. Hence, timely bed cleaning is essential to keep the worm treatments used for this study were one time bed cleaning frequency per instar, two times bed cleaning frequency per instar, three times bed cleaning frequency per instar, once bed cleaning frequency per day, twice bed cleaning frequency per day and no bed cleaning (control) to evaluate the effects of silkworm bed cleaning frequencies on silkworm races. Observations on larval mortality, larval period, single cocoon weight, shell weight, length of silk thread and silk ratio were carefully noted for each treatment and replications. Three replications were used for each treatment. Once bed cleaning frequency per day, twice bed cleaning frequency per day and three times bed cleaning frequency per instar significantly ( period of Vietnamese eri-silkworm races (23.7, 25 and 24.3 days), Indian eri silkworm races (29.8, 28.6 and 29.6 days), Kenyan bivoltine silkworm races (27.5, 30.6 and 31.5 days), Korean bivoltine silkworm races (24.7, 25.3, and 25.8 days) and Vietnamese multivoltine silkworm races (25.7, 25.8, and 25.8 days) respectively as compared to the untreated check which was 36.3 in Vietnamese eri, 55.4 days in Indian eri, 33.1 days in Kenyan bivoltine, 30.2 in Korean bivoltine and 30.3 in Vietnamese multivoltine silkworm races. Larval mortality was significantly higher for Vietnamese eri-silkworm races (8.25 and 15.58%), for Indian eri 11.66%), for Kenyan bivoltine silkworm races (12.2 (13.83 and 32.83%), for Vietnamese multivoltine silkworm races (0.33 mature larval stages of 4 th and 5 th larval instars respectively in the untreated silkworm rearing beds. Among the tested treatments, three times bed clea bed cleaning frequency per day and two times bed cleaning frequency per day significantly reduced larval mortality rate during the 4 th and 5 ranged between 0 to 0.33% for Vietnamese eri silkworm races, 0.9 to 14.13% for Kenyan bivoltine silkworm races, 1 to 5.16 % for Korean silkworm races and 0.33 to 0.83% for Vietnamese multivoltine silkworm races. The young larval stages/instars (1 st to 3 rd instars) showed low larval mortality rate than mature larval stages (4 and 5 th instars) in all silkworm races. Bed cleaning frequencies had no significant effect for 1 instar for all silkworm races. All bed cleaning frequencies had no silkworm races and Vietnamese multivoltine silkworm races until the 3 cleaning is not necessary during these stages in silk worm rearing practices for such races. Bed cleaning has showed a positive effect to reduce larval mortality rate for Vietnamese eri races, Indian eri-silkworm races and Kenyan bivoltine silkworm races during 2 growth. Long spinning silk thread, robust silk cocoon and shell weight and higher percentage of silk ratio of silkworm races were registered from one time bed cleaning frequency per day and two t...

This study was conducted in the Sericulture Research Laboratory of Melkassa Research Center. Four bivoltine and one polyvoltine silkworm were involved in the crossing experiment and laid out in complete randomized design with four replications. Data was collected on fecundity, pupation rate (%), number of diseased larvae, survival rate (%), cocoon weight (g), cocoon shell weight (g), cocoon shell ratio (%) and filament length (m). Uniform and non-significant numbers of eggs produced by adults and cocooning percentages were recorded for both hybrid and parents in all the generations. Average larval weight significantly (P<0.01) reduced for F1, F2, F3 and F4 generations hybrids than parents but increased in F5, F6 and F7 generations hybrids. Silk ratios and survival rates significantly (P<0.01) increased for all hybrids than parent bivoltine in all hybrid generations. Larval period significantly (P<0.01) reduced in F5, F6 and F7 generations hybrid than parent bivoltines. Filament length significantly (P<0.01) reduced in F1, F2, F3 and F4 generations hybrids than parent bivoltine but significantly increased in F5, F6 and F7 generations hybrids than parent bivoltines. It can be concluded that instead of using parent polyvoltine and bivoltine mulberry silkworms separately for silk production, the farmers can use F5 and above generations hybrids of multivoltine x bivoltine for relatively higher disease resistance and maximum silk productions.

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