Governments are able to implement monetary and fiscal policies to achieve economic objectives, such as increasing production, ensuring price stability, improving the balance of payments, and achieving full employment. While central banks carry out monetary policies, governments, in contrast, develop fiscal policies. Fiscal policy instruments can include public expenditures, taxes, and borrowing. In countries that have low savings levels, individuals participate in public expenditures by spending a large part of their income. Therefore, taxes are effectively used as a major policy instrument. The impact of both direct and indirect taxes on economic growth in Turkey has been analyzed by employing the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) approach. Test results suggest a positive and significant impact of indirect taxes on economic growth as well as a negative and significant impact of direct taxes.

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This study aims to examine the relationship between the non-renewable energy consumption of the countries and their economic status since energy consumption and production appear to be interconnected phenomena. This study analyses the Eastern, Middle, North, South, and Western regions of the European continent from 1990 to 2014. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first paper to analyze the relationship between non-renewable energy consumption and economic growth in the European continent by region. The study adopts a panel causality process to examine the relationship between two phenomena. According to the empirical analyses, there is bidirectional causality between non-renewable energy consumption and economic growth in Eastern, Middle, North, and South European regions whereas a unidirectional relationship from non-renewable energy consumption to economic growth in the Western. Non-renewable energy consumption and economic growth are still interconnected phenomena in the European countries even though climate concerns, environmental precautions, and promotion to reduce unsustainable production.

İhracat artışının ekonomik büyüme için önemli bir dinamik oluşturduğu görüşü literatürde oldukça geniş bir kabul görmektedir. Keynesyen iktisadın geliştirdiği ihracat dayalı büyüme hipotezine göre ihracat artışı, toplam talepte bir yükseliş sağlayarak çarpan mekanizması sayesinde milli gelir üzerinde olumlu etki oluşturmaktadır. Buna karşılık Klasik iktisadın devamı olarak bazı iktisatçılar ekonomik büyümenin ihracatın çekici gücü olduğu görüşünü savunmaktadır. Çalışmamızda söz konusu görüşler Türkiye ekonomisi tecrübesinden yararlanılarak test edilmiştir. Bunun için 2002-2018 yılları arasındaki çeyrek dönemlik veriler Hatemi-J Eşbütünleşme ve Toda-Yamamoto Nedensellik testleri kullanılarak incelenmiştir. Sonuçlar ihracata dayalı büyüme yaklaşımını doğrulayan dolayısı ile istikrarlı büyüme için ihracatı geliştirici politikaların etkili olacağını ortaya koymuştur.