This essay presents a partial report of surveys on the Karacadağ (Konya), which have been carried out since 2016 due to the find of a fragment of a hieroglyphic Luwian inscription from the 13th century BC at the village of Karaören. The results of the survey allow a holistic understanding of the material and topographic conditions which led to the writing, re-use and then find of the inscription. The inscription is presented and a possible historical-geographical framework both of this and of other related texts is explained, whereby it seems probable that there was an important military-strategic border here. The survey and associated ethnographic research established the importance of the freshwater springs on the Karacadağ, as well as the continuous re-use of stones attesting a profound cultural memory that runs from the Hittite period through a populous Byzantine occupation up until modern applications by the inhabitants of the Karacadağ.
The Hittite state was founded c. 1650 BC and developed thereafter. The Hittites were able to establish their rule in Anatolia's hostile landscape and overcome the difficulties it presented to create an empire—an objective that they achieved with the aid of their remarkable organizational skills. Despite the frequent occurrence of geographical names in the state archives, only a small number of them can be safely localized and, although Hittitology is a 100-year-old field, the regional names have only recently been determined. This article serves as a general introduction to the Hittites as well as a review of the problem of geographical names, revealing the complexity it presents.
Hitit yazılı belgeleri MÖ 2.binyılda kalaya verilen önemi açık olarak göstermektedir. Hitit Çivi Yazılı bel gelerde kalay çoğunlukla Sümerce NAGGA, çok az örnekte ise Hitit dilinde arzili-şeklinde yazılmıştır. Kalay metalinin geçtiği Hititçe metinleri İdari Metinler (Vergi-Metinleri ve Dini Metinler) olmak üzere iki ayrı grup altında toplanabilir, en önemli metin grubunu "Vergi-Metinleri" oluşturur. Bu metinlerde vergi olarak kalay gönderen yerlerin adları belirtilmekte ise de, bu yer adlarından Kizzuwatna dışındakiler, yalnızca ad ola rak bilinmektedir. Metinlerden, kalayın doğrudan işlenmediği, daha ziyade alaşım olarak kullanıldığı anlaşılmakta, genellikle bakır ile belgelenen kalayın, bakıra oranla daha değerli bir hammadde olduğu sonucuna varılmaktadır. Ayrıca kalayın büyük bir ekonomik güce sahip olduğu görülmektedir. Metinlerde kalayın nasıl kullanıldı ğı da tanımlanmıştır; örneğin ahşap malzemede kakma olarak, ya da izolasyonda sıvama malzemesi ola rak kullanımı gibi. Dini metinlerden kalayın bazen tılsım, büyü için, tanrılara adak ya da hastalıklardan korunmak için de kullanıldığı anlaşılmaktadır.
In 2016, a cylinder seal with Anatolian hieroglyphs was found in the archaeological excavations at Elbistan-Karahöyük in the province of Kahramanmaraş. The cylinder seal was made of black stone and its inscription mentions three personal names. The hieroglyphic signs identify two names as male and one as female.
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