Sodobna umetnost se v primerjavi s predhodno moderno umetnostjo razlikuje v tem, da se spet vrača k družbi in vsakdanjemu življenju ter da tematizira aktualne težave, s katerimi se srečuje človek tukaj in zdaj. Zelo pogosta tema je trajnostni razvoj in s tem povezane vsebine, kot so: okoljevarstvo, vrednote, odnos do drugega itn. To so hkrati teme, ki sodijo v koncept aktivnega državljanstva, zato razumevanje sodobne umetnosti pravzaprav zahteva aktivno državljanstvo. Še posebej to velja za relacijsko umetnost, ki od gledalca zahteva aktivno participacijo v umetnini. V prispevku se sprašujem, kako uresničevati povezanost sodobne umetnosti in državljanske vzgoje v osnovni šoli. Sodobna pedagoška doktrina zelo spodbuja medpredmetno povezovanje, zato sem analizirala učna načrta predmetov likovna vzgoja ter državljanska in domovinska vzgoja ter etika in ugotovila, da sta s tega vidika težko povezljiva. Na odsotnost sodobne umetnosti v učnem načrtu za likovno vzgojo se sicer že dlje časa opozarja, a težava učnega načrta je konceptualne narave. Skupne cilje državljanske in likovne vzgoje je mogoče uresničevati z intenzivnejšim medinstitucionalnim povezovanjem šol z galerijami in muzeji, ki predstavljajo sodobno umetnost. Na treh primerih sodobnih umetnin, natančneje participatornih praks (Proletarier aller Länder, Žicar in EU/Others) pokažem na mogočo medpredmetno povezavo na vsebinski ravni in opozorim na s pedagoškega vidika pogosto spregledano dejstvo, da sodobno umetnost doživljamo tukaj in zdaj.
One of the important positions of the last curricular reform in Slovenia, which included systemic issues of education (White Paper on Education, 2011) and curricula for compulsory subjects in primary school, is the fact that Slovenia has been integrated into Europe, and thus education should also include the development of core European competences. One such competence is cultural awareness and expression, which until now has been an issue more in the context of cultural policies than school policies in Slovenia. The purpose of the present article is to critically analyse the curricular reform of art education (i.e., visual art education), through which, in terms of certain components of the competence of cultural awareness and expression, it is foreseen that the student will gain a knowledge of art, develop an ability to experience works of art and develop a creative attitude towards art and heritage.Because the starting point and goal of curricular change is the curriculum, our analysis is derived from curriculum theories, and not from the art theories and pedagogical theories that have predominantly framed previous attempts at curriculum analysis. Critical consideration of the curricular reform of art education in primary school in terms of certain components of the competence of cultural awareness and expression was undertaken by comparing curricula in the field of aesthetic education. We compared art education with music education and literature within the Slovenian language curriculum. Qualitative analysis showed that, despite the reform, the curriculum for arts education does not realise selected components of the competence of cultural awareness and expression, largely due to the curriculum’s conceptual structure. Art education is centred principally on art-making activities, with an obviousneglect of appreciation. The integration of arts subjects at school, as proposed by the White Paper, is therefore not possible, due to the existing model of art education. From a practical point of view, the analysis also raised the question of the knowledge and competences of teachers.
Sodobna umetnost in obvezne izbirne vsebine v gimnazijiKljučne besede: sodobna umetnost, participatorne likovne prakse, socialno angažirana umetnost, državljanska vzgoja, aktivno državljanstvo, obvezne izbirne vsebine, medpredmetno povezovanje UvodEden najbolj talentiranih in najbolj vplivnih raziskovalcev človekovega (predvsem otrokovega) spoznavnega razvoja Rus Lev S. Vigotski (1896Vigotski ( -1934 je večkrat prestopal meje psihologije, vede, v katero ga največkrat uvrščajo, saj je bil zelo široko izobražen. Svojo pot na področju psihološkega raziskovanja je začel s širokim znanjem s področij zgodovine, fi lozofi je, umetnosti in jezikov. Ker se je ukvarjal z vplivom socialnega razreda na razvoj otrok, je Stalin dve leti po njegovi smrt prepovedal njegova dela in dal izbrisati njegovo ime iz znanstvenih revij. Šele leta 1956 so v Sovjetski zvezi spet dovolili objavljanje njegovih del, v zahodni Evropi in ZDA pa od sedemdesetih let 20. stoletja, ko so njegova ključna dela počasi začeli prevajati, zanimanje za njegovo teorijo strmo narašča (Marjanovič Umek, 2010;Gaber, 2010). Vigotski je leta 1925 doktoriral iz psihologije umetnosti in istega leta napisal knjigo Psihologija umetnosti, ki je bila v Sovjetski zvezi natisnjena šele leta 1968, na Zahodu pa je prvič izšla leta 1971. V delu je avtor prepoznal potencial umetnosti, ki lahko po njegovem mnenju spremeni posameznikovo vedênje in bogati izkušnje. V poglavju, v katerem se je spraševal o povezavi umetnosti in življenja, je zapisal, da se je na umetnost že od nekdaj gledalo tudi kot na del in sredstvo vzgoje in izobraževanja oziroma del dolgoročnega spreminjanja našega vedênja in obnašanja (Vigotski, 1975, 319). Kako se odzivamo na estetsko doživetje, so precej kasneje začeli raziskovati zlasti angleški raziskovalci na področju vzgoje in izobraževanja. Ugotovili so, da lahko estetsko doživetje in odziv nanj otroka pripelje do tega, da začne ponovno ocenjevati in premišljevati o svojem odnosu, vrednotah in pričakovanjih ter se celo sooča s svojimi predsodki, zato je umetnost lahko moralno vzgojno-izobraževalna (Pike, 2002). Morala in vrednote pa so teme, ki sodijo v koncept državljanske vzgoje oziroma v koncept aktivnega državljanstva. P. Hills-Potter je dokazala, da lahko z uporabo umetniških del pri otrocih spodbujamo sodelovanje v družbi in privzgajamo
This paper examines how knowledge ofartworks is transmittedto visitors through text interpretation in art museums. The theoretical concepts called upon belong to the field of museum education. The research adopts a qualitative methodology, taking the Strossmayer Gallery of Old Masters in Zagreb as a case study. Thismuseumproducedan online guidefor ageneral audience, which is supposed to be used in the gallery while viewing and examining artworks. Another source of knowledge ofthe artworks is the gallery catalogue in the format of a printed book, presenting masterpieces from the collection. The analytical approach consists of a close and comparative discourse analysis of the two gallery interpretive materials. We found that the didactic conceptualization of museum interpretation is based on a differentiated approach to knowledge transmission. A relationshipexists between knowledge production and dissemination on the one hand, andtheattitude toward a visitor on the other. Similarities and dissimilaritiespertain to the content and the format of the catalogue and the guide. The didactic conceptualisation of the guide is based on a more visual discourse and anexclusive/inclusive discourse in terms of art historyinformation and adapted museum authority.Keywords: interpretation; knowledge transmission; museum education---SažetakU članku se razmatraju načini na koje se znanje o umjetničkim djelima prenosi posjetiteljima putem tekstualnih interpretacija u umjetničkim muzejima. Teorijski koncepti oslanjaju se na istraživanja u polju muzejske edukacije. U istraživanju se primjenjuje kvalitativna metodologija, a podaci se prikupljaju metodom studije slučaja za koju je poslužila Strossmayerova galerija starih majstora u Zagrebu. U sklopu muzejske djelatnosti Galerija je izradila mrežni vodič namijenjen širokom krugu posjetitelja za korištenje unutar galerijskog prostora prilikom promatranja umjetničkih djela. Drugi izvor znanja o umjetničkim djelima je tiskani katalog koji sadrži pregled remek-djela iz zbirki Galerije. Analitički pristup podrazumijeva podrobnu analizu diskursa oba oblika galerijskog interpretacijskog materijala i njihovu komparativnu analizu. Utvrđeno je da se didaktička konceptualizacija muzejske interpretacije temelji na razlikovnom pristupu prenošenju znanja. Uspostavlja se odnos između proizvodnje i širenja znanja s jedne strane, zatim odnosa prema posjetitelju s druge strane. Sličnosti i razlike odnose se na sadržaj i format kataloga i vodiča. Didaktička konceptualizacija vodiča temelji se više na vizualnom diskursu i diskursu uključivosti/isključivosti koji se određuje u odnosu na povijesno-umjetničke informacije i uspostavljeni autoritet Galerije. Ključne riječi: interpretacija; muzejska edukacija; prenošenje znanja.
The article discusses the portals on the main façade of Zois Mansion on Breg 22 in Ljubljana. The building, characterized by an extensive architectural history and now combining six houses, was given its current appearance around 1805. The main portal, originating from the first Zois corner house, was transferred to the current location about 1765, when the house was merged with the next-door Erberg Mansion. Probably built in the workshop of the master stone carver Luka Mislej between 1710 and 1727, the portal represents a high-quality and original work that stands out from the rest of Ljubljana’s contemporary production. Other portals use the same form. The first, the fourth, and the sixth from the left were built about 1805, during the last expansion of the mansion, probably forming part of the opus of the architect Ignac Prager. The second, the third, and the seventh portals date to 1832, formally imitating the former three.
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