The current study investigates the causality relationship between financial development and carbon dioxide (CO2) emission in Bahrain by adopting time series data from 1980–2018. The vector error correction model (VECM) is employed as an appropriate model in order to analyse the data. While the augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) test was used in order to detect the stationary variables. However, the domestic per capita has been used as a proxy of economic growth, while financial development is measured by domestic credit provided by the financial sector. The results indicate that there is a long-term association amongst all intended variables at a 5% significant level. Meanwhile, only financial development has an impact on carbon emission in the short term. For the Granger causality test, only financial development and population led positive impact on CO2, while carbon emission does not Granger-cause financial development and population. However, the study findings did not support the hypothesis of the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC), and these findings are in line with other previous empirical findings (Saidi & Mbarek, 2017). These findings are essential and contribute to policymakers controlling credit policies that confirm that the loans availed by the financial sector to the domestic firms are used as friendly machinery tools for the environment that can decrease CO2 emission.

No abstract

Lau borus is an outlet located on Lau Kawar Lake. The location of lau borus is located at the foot of mount sinabung where this mountain has experienced quite high eruptive activity for several years. Determination of the status of water quality in these waters using the Pollution Index Method following the Regulation of the Minister of the Environment number 115 of 2003 and the Regulation of the Minister of Health Number 32 of 2017. The parameters that will be tested in this study are TDS, pH, Fe, SO4, COD, BOD, Cu, Cl, Pb, NH3, Total Coliform. The study was conducted at 3 sample points taken by purposive sampling. The average results of the calculation of the Lau Borus Waters Pollution Index method Outlet Lau Kawar Lightly Polluted Lake (scores from 1.86 to 2.19). While the results of Permenkes number 32 of 2017 the total coliform results show that this value has exceeded the average value. These results indicate that the quality status is influenced by pollutants from Iron (Fe) and Total Coliform which are above the quality standard. The relationship between the eruption activity of Mount Sinabung and the quality of Lau Borus during sampling did not cause a significant pollution impact from volcanic ash pollutants. The cause of Lau Borus pollution is from the wind direction. The percentage results from the eruption wind direction towards Lake Lau Kawar. the direction of the lake with the opposite direction is 1: 8. The eruption towards the Lau Borus Outlet, Lake Lau Kawar, is relatively small compared to the opposite direction.

Sejak dahulu gula merah aren sangat terkenal sebagai sentra dari Kota Sipirok yang merupakan ibu kota Kabupaten Tapanuli Selatan, Propinsi Sumatera Utara. Kecamatan yang paling banyak menghasilkan gula aren (merah) cetak adalah Kecamatan Arse. Gula aren Sipirok terkenal keasliannya, rasanya enak dan wanginya yang khas. Pengrajin gula aren di Sipirok sebagian besar masih memproduksi gula aren dalam bentuk cetak, padahal saat ini konsumen lebih menyukai gula aren dalam bentuk gula semut karena mudah dan praktis dalam penggunaannya. Tingginya permintaan pasar gula semut di Sumatera Utara belum bisa mengimbangi besarnya kapasitas produksi para petani. Hal ini disebabkan masih sedikitnya pengrajin gula aren yang memproduksi gula semut. Permasalahan mendasar dalam memproduksi gula semut aren adalah karena masih minimnya pengetahuan tentang cara membuat gula semut, harga peralatan produksi yang cukup mahal dan kurangnya pemahaman terhadap prospek ekonomi bisnis gula semut. Proses produksi saat ini masih menggunakan cara tradisional dan membutuhkan waktu yang lama. Selain itu, produksi yang dihasilkan tidak memiliki quality control. Untuk menghasilkan produksi gula semut yang baik, kadar air gula semut harus di bawah angka 3% agar dapat tahan sampai 2 tahun masa penyimpanan (dalam kondisi kedap). Untuk mencapai kondisi ini, dibutuhkan suatu alat oven pengering untuk mengurangi kadar air pada gula semut. Tim PPM USU telah memberikan satu unit alat oven pengering dengan kapasitas 24 Kg dilengkapi dengan kondensor suhu, dan waktu. Dengan adanya bantuan alat oven pengering, kualitas produk gula semut aren yang dihasilkan dari segi warna dan kadar air terkontrol, produksi semakin baik dan meningkat.