Makassar – the largest and fastest growing area in eastern Indonesia – experienced significant number of damages and losses due to recurrent floods. In early 2019, the flood disaster exposed the urbanized area and inundated 1,658 houses and caused 9,328 impacted population. These figures imply that Makassar needs to create concerted efforts to improve its currently low resilience to floods. This study was designed to assess the urban resilience to floods in Makassar to provide the government with reference for evaluation and identify the most contributing factors to the resilience. In this context, resilience was assessed in four urban systems, namely physical, social, economic, and institutional, in every unit of analysis, i.e., flood-affected districts. The research data included building density, green open space, population density, the number of economically disadvantaged households, community’s subsistence funds, and the availability of early warning systems and disaster emergency stations. The physical, social, economic, institutional, and equal scenarios of resilience were modeled using the Spatial Multi-Criteria Evaluation (SMCE). The results showed that the districts in Makassar were moderately resilient to floods and that the resilience of each urban system shaped the overall resilience. Tamalate and Rappocini sub districts had the lowest resilience values, whereas Manggala was estimated as the most highly resilient district in several scenarios.

Sangiran Early Man Site is a world heritage located in a peri-urban area in Sragen Regency, Central Java, Indonesia. Due to its significance, this 59.21 km2 area is recognized as a valuable land. However, landslides persistently threaten its existence. The research intended to evaluate 1) the landslide susceptibility and 2) the vulnerability of the valuable lands in Sangiran Site. It applied the weights-of-evidence method to produce a landslide susceptibility map, which was further validated with field survey. The analysis output included five classes of susceptibility, namely, very low, low, moderate, high, and very high. The classification aimed to generate matrices containing indications of valuable lands in each class. The field survey found no landslides in very-low susceptible areas and several small ones in low susceptible areas. Landslides were found in valuable lands endangered with a moderate degree of landslides. Large but non-risky landslides were detected in highly susceptible areas, while large and risky ones were in very highly susceptible areas. Sangiran consists of 19 valuable lands that help to narrate geological and human evolution through fossils, scarcity, stratigraphy, and other unique features. For each land, a number is assigned to it to mark priority based its importance clues. Priority 13 was included in the low susceptibility class. While priorities 1, 5, 6, 7, 8, 12, 17, and 18 belonged to moderate susceptibility class, priorities 2, 3, 4, 9, 10, 11, 14, 15, 16, and 19 were classified into high susceptibility class. Therefore, Sangiran Site comprises heterogeneous characteristics that make its valuable lands the subjects of protection against landslide occurrences.