This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 Unported License, permitting all non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Many Muslim-majority nations are amongst the world's poorest, and it was stressed that more deliberate efforts should be made to encourage entrepreneurship to uplift those who fall under poverty group and increase their life's quality.Locally, it was indicated there had been an increasing trend of those falling within the poverty bracket in the Muslim community. This trend was further intensified by the COVID-19 Pandemic. The situation placed a heavier burden on the authorities, specifically, the needed zakat collection had jumped tremendously in order to meet the needed projected zakat distribution. More sustainable solutions are needed to address the situation; to enable the Asnafs to improve their livelihood and wellbeing by not relying on charity or handouts. Given the recently completed study (FRGS/1/2017/SS03/MMU/02/10) that confirms the Qalb behavioural traits as determinants of the inclusive entrepreneurial intention. It recommended the introducing Qalb-based entrepreneurship as a key solution among the community. Arguably this will strengthen their resilience in order to enhance their individual situations and ultimately improve the collective wellbeing. This paper presents exploratory findings on Qalb-based Entrepreneurship among Muslim entrepreneurs.

Inclusive entrepreneurship refers to the participation of underrepresented groups in entrepreneurialism in order to assist them in overcoming social and economic challenges as well, that plays a very significant role in poverty reduction. This study propounds that the main solution to this issue is to promote inclusive entrepreneurship (the definition of inclusive entrepreneur is who produce inclusive as well as innovative services and goods). Among students who are graduating from tertiary education in Malaysia. The theory of planned behaviour is employed to predict the inclusive entrepreneurial intention that can be the key to bridge the existing gaps in understanding the intention of youth to be inclusive entrepreneurs, also testing the moderation effect of gender to compare the males' and females' behavioural traits towards the intention of being an inclusive entrepreneur. The regression analysis results show attitude and perceived behavioural control are significant towards Inclusive Entrepreneurial Intention, and the moderation effect of gender is significant for the relationship of attitude towards inclusive entrepreneurial intention. Concluding the males express higher intention than females to provide high-quality products at very low costs sustainably and considering the mass outreach as well as including the excluded population which is translated to inclusive products or services.

Recent reports highlighted a worrying trend in Malaysia where the number of female graduates has increased but at the same time there is a lower number of female workers. Particularly, in 2022, most unemployed graduates are women, accounting for 54.2% of the total, according to the Department of Statistics Malaysia (DoSM). This increases the gender gap in the workforce and subsequently decreases female participation towards nation-building and economic growth. Meanwhile, studies have shown that inclusivity can significantly affect the reduction of unemployment rates and increase re-employment. Thus, this study suggests that “Inclusive Entrepreneurship” can be a viable solution to the problem observed, as entrepreneurship might be a more attractive option than employment for female graduates. This paper aims to explore the factors influencing inclusive entrepreneurial intention among female graduates in Malaysia. Specifically, this study employed the theory of planned behaviour (TPB) and opted for a quantitative exploratory study using the conductive method. The collected survey sample of 227 female students in Malaysia was analysed using PLS-SEM. The framework structure is based on a combination of formatively and reflectively measured variables. The results indicated that attitude, perceived behavioural control and inclusive innovativeness have significant relationships to the inclusive entrepreneurial intention of female graduates in Malaysia. These insights can lead to the formulation of effective policies and programs to encourage as well as enable female graduates to contribute towards the nation’s development via inclusive entrepreneurialism.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 Unported License, permitting all non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.