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Health data collected in various ways and forms is secondary use of scientific research purposes. Including Republic of Korea, several country’s Data protection law require the anonymity of data in addition to obtaining the consent of the data subject as a provisions relating to specific data processing situations. In the case of research related to the important objectives of public interest, the informed consent of the subject shall be exempt from that liability. In order to find such compatibility of purposes, consideration will need to be taken in terms other than the lawful processing of personal data. This paper starts with the fact that data is used to train artificial intelligence. First, artificial intelligence needs to focus on specifics on what data are used in the training of the artificial intelligence and how the algorithms are built, and the concerns arising from the mechanism of algorithms are discussed. The data used in the artificial intelligence system are considered as the subject of ethical debate and the ethical problems are discussed. And analyzed the legislative process and legal provisions for data processing principles of EU General Data Protection Regulation to find clues to solving that problems. The problems that can arise due to the characteristics of artificial intelligence technology, which are hard to prepare and interpreter through legislation, are explains to informed consent and responsibility, the myth of data anonymity and, risk scores and algorithmic discrimination. As a conclusion, I suggested about data processing to removes ‘poison’ from the data, harmonization with legal system as an ex ante procedure, and transparent design of the algorithm for human judgment as a whole.

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Defect of dendritic cell (DC) maturation in tumor microenvironments is an important immunological problem limiting the success of cancer immunotherapy. In this study, we investigated the immunostimulatory effect of a Mori fructus polysaccharide (MFP) on DCs, a type of potent antigen presenting cells. MFP induced phenotypic maturation of DCs, as proven by the elevated expression of CD40, CD80/86, and MHC-I/II molecules. MFP induced functional maturation of DCs, in that MFP increased the expression of IL-12, IL-1β, TNF-α, and IFN-β, decreased antigen capture capacity, and enhanced allogenic T cell stimulation. MFP efficiently induced maturation of normal toll-like receptor4 (TLR4) DCs from C57BL/6 and C3H/HeN mice, but not mutated TLR4 DCs from C3H/HeJ mice, suggesting that TLR4 might be one of the membrane receptors of MFP. We showed that MFP increased phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPKs), and nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65 subunit, which are signaling molecules downstream from TLR4. These results indicate that MFP induced DC maturation through TLR4 signaling.

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