Abstract-We present a comprehensive numerical model for vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers that includes all major processes affecting cw operation of axisymmetric devices. In particular, our model includes a description of the 2-D transport of electrons and holes through the cladding layers to the quantum well(s), diffusion and recombination of these carriers within the wells, the 2-D transport of heat throughout the device, and a multilateral-mode effective index optical model. The optical gain acquired by photons traversing the quantum wells is computed including the effects of strained band structure and quantum confinement. We employ our model to predict the behavior of higher-order lateral modes in proton-implanted devices and to provide an understanding of index-guiding in devices fabricated using selective oxidation.

We have fabricated large, two-dimensional (2D) arrays of optically pumped, phase-locked vertical cavity surface-emitting lasers that emit more than 50% of their light in a central on-axis lobe. The emission of the arrays was modified from the usual four-lobed far-field of 2D coupled arrays by incorporation of a binary phase-shift mask on the surface of the array. The array consists of Fabry–Perot resonators comprising GaAs/AlGaAs quantum wells surrounded by AlAs/AlGaAs quarterwave mirrors with a multiple order AlGaAs phase-delay layer on the top mirror stack. The phase-shift layer was etched away on alternating elements of the array. The resulting on-axis emission had an angular width of 2° for an array of approximately 100 elements.

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We report continuous-wave room-temperature operation of a semiconductor ring resonator diode laser with a single Y-junction outcoupling waveguide. This device with a 150 μm radius and 8-μm-wide etched-rib waveguide has a threshold current of 72 mA and emits up to 1 mW of single-frequency output. The side-mode-rejection ratio of this laser exceeds 22 dBm over a ≳50 mA current range corresponding to a stable operating mode of the laser. Studies of the emission behavior in this and other similar ring lasers suggest that the ring is lasing in ‘‘whispering gallery’’ modes, and also that the Y junction is affecting mode selection in the ring.

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