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Worldwide waste generation has become a topic of interest since the accumulation of this waste has prompted environmental hazards. Among which, anaerobic digestion provides green and efficient alternate solution for removal of toxic waste and energy production. Therefore, this review emphasizes on the recent data published in 2018 on topics related to anaerobic process, enhancement of biogas production, and fermentation efficiency. Furthermore, more focus was made on the factors influencing anaerobic digestion and the effect of trace elements as ionic salts as well as nanoparticles on overall biogas production, respectively.Practitioner points Anaerobic digestion provide green and efficient alternate solution to deal with. This review focused on the conditions related to anaerobic process to improve biogas production and fermentation efficiency. The trace elements were focused on how to influence biogas production during anaerobic digestion.

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Production of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) from cellulose has been expected for a long time, but most catalytic systems generally give low yield and selectivity due to the difficulty of balancing cellulose deconstruction with the uncontrollable degradation of the target product under harsh conditions. Here we show that the ball milling pretreatment could markedly facilitate the conversion of microcrystalline cellulose to HMF by titanyl sulfate (TiOSO 4 ). The ball milling pretreatment remarkably decreases the degree of crystallinity of microcrystalline cellulose with a reduction of molecular weight via disrupting the hydrogen bond and partially breaking the β-1,4-glycosidic bond. TiOSO 4 functions as both Lewis and Brønsted acid to catalyze the efficient conversion of cellulose with high HMF yield (45.4%), far exceeding that (14.1%) from untreated cellulose. The reaction pathway was revealed by liquid chromatograph−mass spectra analysis. In addition, phosphorylated titanium dioxide also afforded a notable HMF yield (21.8%), showcasing the great potential of Ti-based heterogeneous catalyst.

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