Tendons and ligaments are structural tissues that attach to bone and are essential for joint mobility and stability in vertebrates. Tendon and ligament attachments (i.e., entheses) are often found at bony protrusions (i.e., eminences), and the shape and size of these protrusions depends on both mechanical forces and cellular cues during growth and development. The formation of tendon eminences also contributes to mechanical leverage for skeletal muscle. Fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) signaling plays a critical role in bone development, and Fgfr1 and Fgfr2 are highly expressed in the perichondrium and periosteum of bone where tendon and ligament attachments can be found. However, the role of FGFR signaling in attachment development and maintenance in the limb remains unknown. In this study, we used transgenic mouse models for combinatorial knockout of Fgfr1 and/or Fgfr2 in tendon/ligament and attachment progenitors using ScxCre and measured eminence size and bone shape in the appendicular skeleton. Conditional deletion of both, but not individual, Fgfr1 and Fgfr2 in Scx progenitors led to enlarged eminences in the postnatal appendicular skeleton and smaller secondary ossification centers in long bones. In addition, Fgfr1/Fgfr2 double conditional knockout mice had more variation in the size of collagen fibrils in tendon, narrowed synovial joint spacing, and increased cell death at sites of ligament attachments, as well as decreased plasticity of mature bone compared to age-matched wildtype littermates. These findings identify a role for FGFR signaling in regulating growth and maintenance of tendon/ligament attachments and the size and shape of bony eminences.

BackgroundTendons and ligaments attach to bone are essential for joint mobility and stability in vertebrates. Tendon and ligament attachments (ie, entheses) are found at bony protrusions (ie, eminences), and the shape and size of these protrusions depend on both mechanical forces and cellular cues during growth. Tendon eminences also contribute to mechanical leverage for skeletal muscle. Fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) signaling plays a critical role in bone development, and Fgfr1 and Fgfr2 are highly expressed in the perichondrium and periosteum of bone where entheses can be found.Results and ConclusionsWe used transgenic mice for combinatorial knockout of Fgfr1 and/or Fgfr2 in tendon/attachment progenitors (ScxCre) and measured eminence size and shape. Conditional deletion of both, but not individual, Fgfr1 and Fgfr2 in Scx progenitors led to enlarged eminences in the postnatal skeleton and shortening of long bones. In addition, Fgfr1/Fgfr2 double conditional knockout mice had more variation collagen fibril size in tendon, decreased tibial slope, and increased cell death at ligament attachments. These findings identify a role for FGFR signaling in regulating growth and maintenance of tendon/ligament attachments and the size and shape of bony eminences.