With an increase in remote learning and virtual learning environments, it is important to know how different conditions (e.g., video cameras on/off) influence student learning. We investigated learning outcomes in virtual classrooms under three video camera conditions: (1) students who did not see themselves, nor others; (2) students who saw others, but not themselves; (3) students who saw both themselves and others. Participants consisted of 150 students who watched a recorded video lecture then took a quiz on the lecture material. Analyses indicate that students who saw both themselves and others had higher quiz scores, as compared to students who did not see themselves, nor others. These results suggest that, although there might be other considerations regarding video camera use in remote learning (e.g., privacy), negative learning outcomes do not seem to be one of them.

335exegesis in an intellectual and cultural ghetto. The claim that, as Roland Barthes puts it, our traditional reading of texts is less innocent than we suppose, must at very least be fully explored. 35 1 Roland Barthes, 'The Structuralist Activity', Partisan

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