The dependence of the 13C, 15N, and
1H isotropic NMR chemical shifts on amine substitution of
aromatic
ring systems are examined both experimentally and by DFT/GIAO (density
functional theory/gauge including atomic
orbitals) methods. There are large, monotonic decreases in the
chemical shifts at odd-numbered (ortho and
para)
pyrimidine ring positions which do not occur at the even-numbered
(ipso and meta) atoms as amine
groups
progressively replace hydrogens at the latter positions. This
behavior parallels the computed 2p
z
electron densities
which for the pyrimidine series increase monotonically at N1, N3, and
C5 but exhibit small changes at the C2, C4,
and C6 positions. Identical trends are noted for the
aminobenzenes. The ring atom chemical shifts and
2p
z
electron
densities at ortho and para (but not
meta) positions are quite sensitive to the orientations of
the amine groups which
are pyramidalized as the result of balance between delocalization with
the ring and the use of strongly directed sp3
orbitals at the nitrogen. The calculated results show that the
barriers to amine group torsional and inversion motions
are low, but averaging the chemical shifts over these appears to be
relatively unimportant. Differences between the
DFT and Hartree−Fock-based chemical shifts show that electron
correlation effects monotonically increase with the
number of NH2 substituents.
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