Objective The purpose of this study was to determine the association between baseline patient recovery expectations and outcomes following physical therapy care. Methods PubMed, CINAHL Complete, PEDro, SPORTDiscus, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, and PsycINFO were searched from inception to February 2021. Concepts represented in the search included physical therapy, patient expectations, and patient outcomes, and their relevant synonyms. Two reviewers independently screened studies of article abstract and full text. Eligibility criteria were set to include English language studies that evaluated adult patients seeking physical therapist intervention for any health condition where both patient outcome (recovery) expectations and functional or other outcome measures were reported. Methodologic standards were assessed using the Critical Appraisal Skills Program (CASP) criteria. Data were extracted using a custom template for this review with planned descriptive reporting of results. Vote counting was used to measure reported outcomes. Results Twenty-one studies were included in this review representing 4879 patients. Studies were most commonly prospective cohort studies or secondary analyses of controlled trials. Varied expectation, outcome, and statistical measures that generally link patient recovery expectations with self-reported outcomes in musculoskeletal practice were used. Conclusion Patient recovery expectations are commonly associated with patient outcomes in musculoskeletal physical therapy. Impact Evidence supports measuring baseline patient expectations as part of a holistic examination process.

Further research is needed to understand how to increase awareness and diminish barriers to quality postprofessional education for physical therapists.

This article describes newly built Multi-Mode Combustion Facility (MCF) used for investigating thermal destruction of industrial wastes and combustion of biomass. A flexible, refractory-lined combustion chamber consists of individual sections of various heights and diameter of 0.5 m. The MCF can be used either as a fluidized bed combustor (FBC) to study the combustion of solid residues or as a single-burner furnace (SBF) to study cofiring of biomass and natural gas. The facility is designed such that the outer wall temperature should not exceed 327 K with the use of water-cooling system and refractory materials. The inner temperature of each section is independent of the rest of the sections and controlled individually. This arrangement allows for the combustion process to be carried out in a multizone manner called low–high–low (LHL) temperature approach. The LHL approach means that the waste/biomass is initially fed into a low temperature zone (<1060 K) and then subjected to the high temperature treatment (∼1500 K) that is followed by another low temperature zone (<1160 K). The LHL setup allows for heavy metals encapsulation and immobilization within the fly ash particles. The facility has 25 openings for sampling of solids and gases at different stages of the combustion process, as well as in situ observation. Experiments reported in this article were performed in the bubbling FBC mode with the purpose of testing the leachability of heavy metals (Cd, Cr, and Pb) from fly ash generated during two different combustion approaches: (1) multi-zone LHL treatment, and (2) no-LHL. Baseline fluidization properties of different bed materials were tested. Axial profiles of temperature and gas concentration (CO2, NO, and NOx) were compared. The results show that the leachability of the heavy metals (Cd, Cr, and Pb) contained in the LHL-generated ash particles was negligible (0.14, 0.061, and 1.55 ppm, respectively), while the leachability data from the no-LHL technique were 30.7, 14.3, and 0.647 ppm, respectively. It was concluded that the MCF facility is easy to operate, flexible, and useful for studies of various waste-to-energy options. Our results also show an improvement in heavy metals leachability when using the LHL combustion technique.