Achieving behavioral goals requires integration of sensory and cognitive information across cortical laminae and cortical regions. How this computation is performed remains unknown. Using local field potential recordings and spectrally resolved conditional Granger causality (cGC) analysis, we mapped visual information flow, and its attentional modulation, between cortical layers within and between macaque brain areas V1 and V4. Stimulus-induced interlaminar information flow within V1 dominated upwardly, channeling information toward supragranular corticocortical output layers. Within V4, information flow dominated from granular to supragranular layers, but interactions between supragranular and infragranular layers dominated downwardly. Low-frequency across-area communication was stronger from V4 to V1, with little layer specificity. Gamma-band communication was stronger in the feedforward V1-to-V4 direction. Attention to the receptive field of V1 decreased communication between all V1 layers, except for granular-to-supragranular layer interactions. Communication within V4, and from V1 to V4, increased with attention across all frequencies. While communication from V4 to V1 was stronger in lower-frequency bands (4 to 25 Hz), attention modulated cGCs from V4 to V1 across all investigated frequencies. Our data show that top-down cognitive processes result in reduced communication within cortical areas, increased feedforward communication across all frequency bands, and increased gamma-band feedback communication.

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Top-down coordination of local cortical state during selective attention Highlights d Cortical excitability fluctuations are coordinated across visual areas d During selective attention, these fluctuations are driven in a top-down manner d The degree of coordination depends on shared spatial representation d Increased cortical state coordination predicts better behavioral performance

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship of exercise self-schemata to both cognitive and behavioral concomitants including exercise self-efficacy, attitudes toward fitness, self-perceptions of fitness, and self-report of exercise behavior. Participants were 161 undergraduate students who subsequently were categorized into groups defined by the authors as "exercise schematics," "nonexercise schematics," "aschematics," and unclassified. Results indicated that exercise schematics reported greater total caloric expenditure, higher frequency of exercise behavior in the past as well as future expectations to exercise, greater self-perceptions of physical fitness, and more favorable attitudes toward fitness than either nonexercise schematics or aschematics. Furthermore, exercise schematics expressed higher levels of exercise self-efficacy than did nonexercise schematics. The results clearly support earlier findings concerning exercise self-schemata and exercise behavior and further indicate that schematics also differ from others in important cognitive-motivational determinants of exercise such as self-efficacy and perceptions of physical fitness. Future research should define the role of exercise self-schemata both theoretically and practically in order to enrich our understanding of and facilitate the enhancement of exercise adherence.

12Spontaneous fluctuations in cortical excitability influence sensory processing and behavior. 13These fluctuations, long known to reflect global changes in cortical state, were recently 14 found to be modulated locally within a retinotopic map during spatially selective attention. 15We found that periods of vigorous (On) and faint (Off) spiking activity, the signature of 16 cortical state fluctuations, were coordinated across brain areas along the visual hierarchy 17 and tightly coupled to their retinotopic alignment. During top-down attention, this 18 interareal coordination was enhanced and progressed along the reverse cortical hierarchy. 19The extent of local state coordination between areas was predictive of behavioral 20 performance. Our results show that cortical state dynamics are shared across brain regions, 21 modulated by cognitive demands and relevant for behavior. 22 23 One Sentence Summary: 24 Interareal coordination of local cortical state is retinotopically precise and progresses in a 25 reverse hierarchical manner during selective attention. 26 27