Variation in the size of structures within mature cortical bone is relevant to our understanding of apparent differences between human samples, and it is relevant to the development of histologically based age-estimation methods. It was proposed that variation may reflect effects of physical activity, through biomechanical and/or metabolic mechanisms. If these factors are local, femoral osteon area (On.Ar) should be more histologically variable than On.Ar in ribs. Ribs should show a higher variation in Haversian canal area (H.Ar) if they are sites of more remodeling activity and hence of arrested refilling of secondary osteons at time of death. This study compares On.Ar and H.Ar of secondary osteons from femora (15) and ribs (29) from 44 Holocene (Later Stone Age) foragers from South Africa (M = 19, F = 25) to values from paired femora and ribs from historic samples (Spitalfields and St. Thomas, 20 pairs from each). Fixed-effects analysis of variance demonstrates rib On.Ar to be significantly smaller than femur, but with no sex or age effects. The femur-to-rib On.Ar ratio is lower for the Holocene foragers than for the two modern samples because of relatively large rib On.Ar. Femora and ribs from the same skeleton normally show femoral On.Ar larger than rib On.Ar (37/44 pairs). Mean femoral values of On.Ar are more diverse than rib On.Ar values, but within-sample coefficients of variation are similar. Values for H.Ar are highly variable and do not reflect anatomical site, age, sex, or population effects. The patterning of osteon size does not appear to be linked to physical activity or to different rates of metabolic activity within the skeleton, at least not in a straightforward way.

No abstract

A sample of 136 undergraduate colleges students completed a questionnaire indicating the relative likelihood that they would turn to seven potential helpgivers with 11 personal or 5 career problems. For personal problems, the students indicated they would be more likely to turn to a close friend for help. For career problems, the students would be more likely to seek help from an academic adviser, instructor, close friend, or close relative. A total of 36% and 26% of the students said they would seek help from a professional counselor for a personal or career problem, respectively. The discussion focuses on (a) the extent to which these findings replicate previous research, (b) new insights obtained from this research, (c) possible explanations of these results suggested by the literature, and (d) implications for future research and practice.

Undergraduate student volunteers (N = 236) were randomly assigned to one of seven experimental groups or a control group to complete the Tendency to Seek Help questionnaire. In addition, members of the experimental groups completed modified versions of the Expectancies About Counseling questionnaire designed to measure their expectancies about a helping interview with seven campus help providers: advisor, career counselor, clinical psychologist, college counselor, counseling psychologist, peer counselor, and psychiatrist. Analysis of the data revealed (a) differences in the expectancies students held for the seven campus help providers, (b) differences in the students' tendency to seek help from the seven campus help providers for personal and career problems, and (c) relationships between the students' expectancies for a help provider and their tendency to turn to that help provider for assistance with a personal or career concern.

No abstract