This paper is a comprehensive review of the state-of-knowledge in the field of radiation effects in glasses that are to be used for the immobilization of high-level nuclear waste and plutonium disposition. The current status and issues in the area of radiation damage processes, defect generation, microstructure development, theoretical methods and experimental methods are reviewed. Questions of fundamental and technological interest that offer opportunities for research are identified.

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Generalized resistance to thyroid hormone (GRTH) is a syndrome of variable reduction of tissue responsiveness to thyroid hormone. 28 different point mutations in the human thyroid hormone receptor beta (TRY8) gene have been associated with GRTH. These mutations are clustered in two regions of the T3 binding domain of the TRY6 (codons 310-347 and 417453). We now report point mutations in the TRIf gene of six additional families with GRTH and show that three mutations occurred each in three families with GRTH, and that three other mutations were each present in two families. In 11 of these 15 families, lack of a common ancestor could be confirmed by genetic analysis. 28 of the 38 point mutations so far identified, including all those occurring in more than one family, are located in cytosine-guanine-rich areas of the TRY gene. Differences in clinical and laboratory findings in unrelated families harboring the same TRfY mutation suggest that genetic variability of other factors modulate the expression of thyroid hormone action. (J. Clin. Invest. 1993.91:2408-2415

A simple molecular theory is presented for the diffusion constant D for a test hard sphere translating in a hard sphere solvent. It is argued that there is a breakdown of the applicability of hydrodynamics in the neighborhood of the test particle due to collisional effects. It is shown that, as a consequence, the traditional hydrodynamic boundary condition (BC) on the particle–solvent normal relative velocity is incorrect for molecular motion. An approximate replacement for this BC is constructed from collisional considerations. With this new BC and the usual hydrodynamic equations, D is found to have two additive contributions. The first is the microscopic, collisional Enskog diffusion constant; the second is of the hydrodynamic Stokes–Einstein form. It is shown how the standard hydrodynamic Stokes–Einstein relation for D can hold numerically to a good approximation despite the dominance of (or significant contribution to) the motion by microscopic collisional contributions. Observed trends of D with size and mass ratios which contradict the analytic Stokes–Einstein relation are reproduced. The predicted D values are compared with available results of renormalized kinetic theory and Boltzmann-level kinetic theory. High density deficiencies of the new BC are discussed.