The article is based on an analysis of over 7000 references drawn from a sample of articles on English history, with the aim of discovering the nature of materials used by historians. Results suggest a high use of non-serial publications compared with serials, a significant concentration of periodical use on a few 'core' journals and a low use of materials published abroad or in foreign languages. The pattern of age distribution of references suggests that 'secondary' historical works become fairly rapidly 'obsolescent' but that the 'primary' sources for the historian retain their value over time. Comparisons of the results with those of citation analyses in other disciplines, where they could be made, suggest that history lies somewhere between the social sciences and the humanities in its patterns of literature use.

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In recent years, the edge computing paradigm has been attracting much attention in the Internetof-Things domain. It aims to push the frontier of computing applications, data, and services away from the usually centralized cloud servers to the boundary of the network. The benefits of this paradigm shift include better reactivity and reliability, reduced data transfer costs toward the centralized cloud servers, and enhanced confidentiality. The design of energy-efficient edge compute nodes requires, among others, low power cores such as microprocessors. Heterogeneous architectures are key solutions to address the crucial energy-efficiency demand in modern systems. They combine various processors providing attractive power and performance trade-offs. Unfortunately, no standard heterogeneous microcontroller-based architecture exists for edge computing. This paper deals with the aforementioned issue by exploring typical low power architectures for edge computing. Various heterogeneous multicore designs are developed and prototyped on FPGA for unbiased evaluation. These designs rely on cost-effective and inherently ultra-low power cores commercialized by Cortus SA, a world-leading semiconductor IP company in the embedded ultra-low power microcontroller domain. Some microarchitecture-level design considerations, e.g., floating point and out-of-order computing capabilities, are taken into account for exploring candidate solutions. In addition, a tailored and flexible multi-task programming model is defined for the proposed architecture paradigm. We analyze the behavior of various application programs on available core configurations. This provides valuable insights on the best architecture setups that match program characteristics, so as to enable increased energy-efficiency. Our experiments on multi-benchmark programs show that on average 22% energy gain can be achieved (up to 45%) compared to a reference system design, i.e., a system with the same execution architecture, but agnostic of the task management insights gained from the comprehensive evaluation carried out in this work.INDEX TERMS Edge computing, energy-efficiency, heterogeneous multicore architectures, programming model, embedded systems.

Multiple large floods in 1993-1997 on the Lower Missouri River carved a side-channel chute through the river bottom at Lisbon, Missouri. Although similar in some respects to engineered side-channel chutes designed for habitat rehabilitation projects, the Lisbon Bottom chute has been unique in that it was allowed to evolve for more than four years with minimal stabilization. During the wet years, 1996-1999, the chute was subjected to abnormally high discharges and passed as much as 20% of the total discharge of the Missouri River. Relatively unrestrained fluvial processes during this time created a wide channel with highly diverse habitats. The upper one-half of the chute established a shallow, braided channel morphology similar to the pre-managed Missouri River. The lower half established a dynamically migrating, single-thread channel, and an incipient flood plain. Compared to the adjacent navigation channel, the chute established substantial areas of shallow, slow-velocity aquatic habitat that is considered to be in short supply in the present-day Lower Missouri River. The shortterm biological benefits have been mixed: the chute has fewer waterbird and benthic macroinvertebrate taxa than adjacent riverine habitats, but greater numbers of fish species compared to the navigation channel.