Researchers have quantified the contributions of industrialized and developing nations' historical emissions to global surface temperature rise. Recent findings that nearly twothirds of total industrial CO 2 and CH 4 emissions can be traced to 90 major industrial carbon producers have drawn attention to their potential climate responsibilities. Here, we use a simple climate model to quantify the contribution of historical (1880-2010) and recent emissions traced to these producers to the historical rise in global atmospheric CO 2 , surface temperature, and sea level. Emissions traced to these 90 carbon producers contributed ∼57% of the observed rise in atmospheric CO 2 , ∼42-50% of the rise in global mean surface temperature (GMST), and ∼26-32% of global sea level (GSL) rise over the historical period and ∼43% (atmospheric CO 2 ), ∼29-35% (GMST), and ∼11-14% (GSL) since 1980 (based on bestestimate parameters and accounting for uncertainty arising from the lack of data on aerosol forcings traced to producers). Emissions traced to seven investor-owned and seven majority state-owned carbon producers were consistently among the top 20 largest individual company contributors to each global impact across both time periods. This study lays the groundwork for

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