In pediatric patients, the etiologies of stroke are varied and differ for children with ischemic stroke versus hemorrhagic stroke. With the present systematic review, a guide to the initial evaluation of stroke is presented.

Background: Asymptomatic microscopic hematuria is common in children. No systematic review providing an evidence based approach for the differential diagnosis of these children has been performed. Contents: Multiple data bases were search. The PRISMA criteria were followed. Data regarding the etiology of the hematuria were extracted using a standardized extraction tool. Seven studies encompassing 1092 children (857 with isolated microscopic hematuria and 235 with combined microscopic hematuria and proteinuria), comprise this review. A total 42.4% of isolated microscopic and 81.3% of microscopic hematuria and proteinuria subjects had identified etiologies. Thin basement membrane nephritis (15.2%), IgA nephropathy (10.4%), and hypercalciuria without nephrolithiasis (7.7%), were the most common etiologies among children with isolated microscopic hematuria. IgA nephropathy (44.3%), thin basement membrane disease (12.8%), and mesangial proliferative glomerulosclerosis (8.9%) were the most common etiologies among children with combined microscopic hematuria and proteinuria. Conclusion:The present study provides an evidenced based resource, based on a systematic review, for the differential diagnosis of asymptomatic hematuria in children. Additionally, these observations suggest that children with isolated microscopic hematuria should be followed for persistence of hematuria or the development of proteinuria. Children with combined microscopic hematuria and proteinuria should be comprehensively evaluated.

Limited data exist for health care providers regarding seizure recurrence after a first unprovoked seizure in previously neurologically and developmentally normal children. A systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted to assess seizure recurrence after a first unprovoked seizure by performing an electronic search in PubMed, Embase, and Scopus. Six studies from 2817 met the inclusion criteria. The sample size consisted of 815 neurologically and developmentally normal children (1 month-17.5 years) on no antiepileptic drugs. This systematic review and meta-analysis estimated a recurrence rate within 3 years of 45% (95% CI: 37%, 60%). This estimate provides a touchstone for health care providers who are managing this particular population of children.

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