Traditional ways of preventing and treating overweight and obesity have almost invariably focused on changing the behavior of individuals, an approach that has proven woefully inadequate, as indicated by the rising rates of both conditions. Considering the many aspects of American culture that promote obesity, from the proliferation of fast-food outlets to almost universal reliance on automobiles, reversing current trends will require a multifaceted public health policy approach as well as considerable funding. National leadership is needed to ensure the participation of health officials and researchers, educators and legislators, transportation experts and urban planners, and businesses and nonprofit groups in formulating a public health campaign with a better chance of success. The authors outline a broad range of policy recommendations and suggest that an obesity prevention campaign might be funded, in part, with revenues from small taxes on selected products that provide "empty" calories-such as soft drinks-or that reduce physical activity-such as automobiles.

The final step in poliovirus morphogenesis appears to be the combination of viral RNA with a protein shell called the procapsid.1 Concomitant with the union of the RNA and the procapsid there is a cleavage of one of the procapsid proteins, producing two of the four proteins of the virion. We have now found that cleavages play an important role in the formation of most if not all poliovirus-specific proteins. Although most mammalian messenger RNA's appear to be monocistronic, it seems possible that a cleavage mechanism may function in the synthesis of some mammalian cell proteins.Materials and Methods.-The experimental procedures were similar to those used previously;' details are given in the text and figure legends.DL-ethionine and DL-p-fluorophenylalanine were obtained from Sigma Chemical Co.;Iazetidine-2-carboxylic acid, from Calbiochem; and L-canavanine sulfate, from Nutritional Biochemicals Corp.

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This review finds that all of the nine currently US-approved dyes raise health concerns of varying degrees. Red 3 causes cancer in animals, and there is evidence that several other dyes also are carcinogenic. Three dyes (Red 40, Yellow 5, and Yellow 6) have been found to be contaminated with benzidine or other carcinogens. At least four dyes (Blue 1, Red 40, Yellow 5, and Yellow 6) cause hypersensitivity reactions. Numerous microbiological and rodent studies of Yellow 5 were positive for genotoxicity. Toxicity tests on two dyes (Citrus Red 2 and Orange B) also suggest safety concerns, but Citrus Red 2 is used at low levels and only on some Florida oranges and Orange B has not been used for several years. The inadequacy of much of the testing and the evidence for carcinogenicity, genotoxicity, and hypersensitivity, coupled with the fact that dyes do not improve the safety or nutritional quality of foods, indicates that all of the currently used dyes should be removed from the food supply and replaced, if at all, by safer colorings. It is recommended that regulatory authorities require better and independent toxicity testing, exercise greater caution regarding continued approval of these dyes, and in the future approve only well-tested, safe dyes.

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