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Two personality psychologists, Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers, used the concept of self-actualization in their theories of personal growth (Schultz & Schultz, 2019). Rogers believed all people have an actualization tendency, a desire to seek higher forms of cognitive complexity (Kim, 2018). Similar viewpoints may be found in the ancient philosophy of Taoism as well as the writings of Plato (Lin, 2011;Bloom, 1968). Also in line with Roger's theory are the findings that the brain naturally seeks perceptual unity (Griffith & Davidson, 1966;Hunt & Schooler, 2019). Brain areas like the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and the default mode network are tied to levels of self actualization (Forrest, 2001; Yangmei et al., 2017). Maslow believed self actualized people have peak experiences such as moments of deep connection with the universe (Yaden et al., 2017). Lowering one's latent inhibition may be a way to increase the frequency of peak experiences (Carson, Higgens, & Peterson, 2003). names: Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow. The personality theories of these men, although different in important ways, share a similar therapeutic goal: the state of self-actualization. Self-actualization, put simply, is realization of and integration with one's fullest human potential (Shultz & Schultz, 2019).To Maslow self-actualization formed the apex of his hierarchy of needs. According to the hierarchy of needs, a person's lower instinctoid needs, like shelter, food, and affection, must be attended to before higher needs like selfactualization can be met. When one's lower needs are fulfilled, the individual may begin the process of self-actualizing by letting go of the lower needs, escaping societal constraints, and developing an honest view of themselves and the world. Maslow found self-actualized people to be spontaneous, purposeful, and creative (Shultz & Schultz, 2019).Roger's approach to self-actualization was similar to Maslow's although it replaces a needs-hierarchy with levels of congruence. All human beings strive for consistency and integration of their self-concept; the highest form of which is self-actualization. Choking an individual's progress towards actualization are incongruences in one's self-concept. These incongruences are basically distortions of reality, like defence mechanisms, that create schisms between one's current behavior and potential self. Self actualization is reached when

Dos psicólogos de la personalidad, Abraham Maslow y Carl Rogers usaron el concepto de autorrealización en sus teorías de crecimiento personal (Schultz & Shultz, 2019). Rogers creía que toda la gente tiene una tendencia a la realización, un deseo de buscar formas más elevadas de complejidad cognitiva (Kim, 2018). Puntos de vista similares se pueden encontrar en la antigua filosofía del taoísmo, así como en los escritos de Platón (Lin, 2011; Bloom, 1968). También alineados con la teoría de Rogers están los hallazgos de que el cerebro busca naturalmente la unidad perceptiva (Griffith & Davidson, 1966; Hunt & Schooler, 2019). Áreas del cerebro como la corteza prefrontal lateral dorsal y la red de modo predeterminado están vinculadas a los niveles de autorrealización (Forrest, 2001; Yangmei el al., 2017). Maslow creía que las personas autorrealizadas tienen experiencias sublimes como momentos de profunda conexión con el universo (Yaden et al., 2017). La reducción de la inhibición latente en uno mismo, puede ser una forma de aumentar la frecuencia de las experiencias sublimes (Carson, Higgens, & Peterson, 2003).

Desde los albores de la historia a los tiempos modernos los humanos han usado el conocimiento de la estructura neuronal para cambiar el comportamiento (Faria, 2013). En tiempos modernos experimentos de estimulación neuronal se han llevado a cabo en animales e incluso en humanos para controlar la mente (Marzullo, 2017;Bishop et al., 1963). El psicólogo conductual B.F. Skinner propuso que la conducta puede ser controlada usando recompensas y castigos (Schultz & Schultz, 2019). Una nueva tecnología en neuroingeniería conocida como optogenética usa CRISPR Cas-9 para modificar genéticamente a las neuronas humanas con la finalidad de manifestar opsinas fotosensitivas y así activarse cuando sean estimuladas por ciertas longitudes de ondas de luz (Boyden, 2011). La optogenética ofrece mejor control temporal y espacial de las actividades cerebrales que las tecnologías actuales tales como la estimulación magnética transcraneal o las drogas psicofarmacológicas (Williams and Entcheva, 2015). Se debe considerar la ética de efectos secundarios, invasividad y abusos potenciales antes de que empiecen las pruebas en humanos en un futuro cercano (Mathews, 2011; Gilbert, Harris & Kidd, 2021).

From the dawn of history to modern times humans have been using knowledge of neural structures to alter behavior (Faria, 2013). In modern times brain stimulation experiments have been conducted on animals and even humans to control the mind (Marzullo, 2017;Bishop et al., 1963). Behavioral psychologist B.F. Skinner proposed that all behavior can be controlled using rewards and punishments (Schultz & Schultz, 2019). A new technology in neural engineering known as optogenetics uses CRISPR Cas-9 to genetically modify human neurons to express photosensitive opsins and thus fire when stimulated by certain light wavelengths (Boyden, 2011). Optogenetics offers greater spatial and temporal control of brain activity than current technologies like transcranial magnetic stimulation or psychopharmacological drugs (Williams and Entcheva, 2015;Deisseroth et al., 2006;Shao et al., 2018). The ethics of potential side effects, invasiveness, and abuse should be taken into consideration before human trials begin in the near future (Mathews,