Human–robot collaboration (HRC) is characterized by a spatiotemporal overlap between the workspaces of the human and the robot and has become a viable option in manufacturing and other industries. However, for companies considering employing HRC it remains unclear how best to configure such a setup, because empirical evidence on human factors requirements remains inconclusive. As robots execute movements at high levels of automation, they adapt their speed and movement path to situational demands. This study therefore experimentally investigated the effects of movement speed and path predictability of an industrial collaborating robot on the human operator. Participants completed tasks together with a robot in an industrial workplace simulated in virtual reality. A lower level of predictability was associated with a loss in task performance, while faster movements resulted in higher‐rated values for task load and anxiety, indicating demands on the operator exceeding the optimum. Implications for productivity and safety and possible advancements in HRC workplaces are discussed.

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Biofidel measuring devices are used to validate safety in collaborative workplaces. In these workplaces, humans work together with robots that are equipped with a Power and Force Limiting function (PFL). In this experimental comparison, differences between devices and possible causes are examined more closely. Safety-related parameters are identified in a literature review. Focusing on mechanical aspects, three biofidel measuring devices are analysed and compared in an experimental test series. To this end, a linear motor and a pendulum are used and the steps for comparing concepts are proposed and applied. Depending on the stiffness settings and the materials used, geometry effects on the force-deformation behaviour are shown. An oscillation occurred in one case. The comparison of the three devices shows average differences of 5% in measured peak force between them. This study helps to achieve uniform and comparable results in practice.

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