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Summary This paper reports on the responses of nearly 600 Indonesian medical academics, from ten different medical schools, to a series of 2 week workshops in educational science. These workshops set out to help participants: (a) to acquire skills in constructing educational objectives, at all levels, from those of the institution to those connected with a particular course; and (b) to develop positive attitudes towards the use of these skills in curriculum design and planning. The results demonstrate that the workshops helped most participants to meet the above objectives. The instructional model chosen and the reasons for its effectiveness have been discussed. It has been concluded that the development of basic educational skills can be acquired in a relatively short, condensed workshop, by a large number of participants: that is, the approach is feasible and economical for large numbers. It has also been shown that concepts of ‘modern educational technology’ are acceptable in a socio‐cultural context with very different practices and traditions from those within which most applications of educational technology in medicine have been achieved. The results have general implications for the training of health workers in developing countries.

In the prelaminar region of adult cat optic nerve, silver impregnation revealed a macroglial cell population consisting solely of small fibrous astrocytes. Electron microscopically the cells were characterized by abundant processes containing closely packed filaments and occasional glycogen granules; their perikarya contained few organelles, glycogen particles were conspicuous but not abundant, and their cytoplasmic and nucleoplasmic matrices were of low density.The laminar region contained typical fibrous astrocytes. These cells were characterized by similar processes and matrices but their perikarya contained filaments and were richer i n organelles whose orientation was primarily radial.The postlaminar region contained both astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. The latter were identified as cells characterized by the absence of filaments and glycogen, the presence of canaliculi, dense cytoplasmic and nucleoplasmic matrices and perikarya very rich in organelles, whose orientation was primarily circumferential.The presence of filaments and/or glycogen on the one hand, and of dense matrices on the other hand, seemed to be mutually exclusive and provided diagnostic criteria for astrocytes and oligodendrocytes respectively. Bivalent forms were not seen. Cells usullly identified as microglia were not seen.The relationship between astrocytes and finely myelinated nerve fibers in the lamina cribrosa indicates a sheath-supporting role. Astrocytes are probably generally concerned with the isolation and insulation of neurons and their processes. Oligodendrocytes may be concerned with the energetic support of neurons and their processes.