A unique software tool for conducting human factors analyses of complex human-machine systems has been developed at NASA Ames Research Center. Called the Man-Machine Integration Design and Analysis System (MIDAS), this simulation system contains models of human performance that can be used to evaluate candidate procedures, controls, and displays prior to more expensive and time consuming hardware simulators and human subject experiments. While this tool has been successfully applied to research issues in several domains, particularly in aeronautics, a desire to expand its functionality and its ease of use has led to the construction of a new object-oriented system. This new version of MIDAS contains a substantially modified human performance model, one that is aimed at being more consistent with empirical data on human behavior and more natural for designers to apply to the analyses of complex new designs. This paper offers a summary of this new human performance model, together with justifications for some of its main components, and indicates plans for its subsequent verification and validation.
This paper discusses a proposed framework for the safe integration of small unmanned aerial systems (sUAS) into the National Airspace System (NAS). The paper examines the potential uses of sUAS to build an understanding of the location and frequency of potential future flight operations based on the future applications of the sUAS systems. The paper then examines the types of systems that would be required to meet the application-level demand to determine "classes" of platforms and operations. Finally, a framework is proposed for both airworthiness and operations that attempts to balance safety with utility for these important systems. Nomenclature UAS= Unmanned Aircraft System NAS = National Airspace System sUAS = small UAS
Many beneficial civilian applications of commercial and public small unmanned aircraft systems (sUAS) in low-altitude uncontrolled airspace have been proposed and are being developed. Associated with the proliferation of civil applications for sUAS is an expected requirement for BVLOS (beyond visual line of sight) operations with increasing use of autonomous systems and operations under increasing levels of urban development and airspace usage. It is also anticipated that future demand will necessitate a shift toward multi-UAS operations in which a single operator will be responsible for the safe operation of multiple sUAS simultaneously. As risk increases for ensuring the safety of manned aircraft and persons on the ground (e.g., in suburban and urban environments), these operations become safety-critical. Ensuring the safety and effectiveness of these safety-critical operations will require an assessment of the impacts of safety hazards on sUAS and their operation, as well as the development of hazard mitigation and contingency management systems and strategies that reduce the associated risk. Safety assessments must be performed under nominal and off-nominal conditions using analysis, simulation, and experimental testing that utilize a set of test scenarios designed to expose safety vulnerabilities. Moreover, the effectiveness of hazard mitigation systems and contingency management strategies must be similarly evaluated. Experimental test techniques and hazardsbased test scenarios that facilitate these safety assessments are therefore needed, as well as sUAS computer simulation models that are capable of characterizing off-nominal vehicle dynamics. Ultimately, real-time risk assessment and safety assurance systems may be needed for safetycritical operations such that determination of unacceptable risk will initiate hazard mitigation actions to reduce risk to an acceptable level and thereby ensure safety. This capability may especially be needed to enable (and ensure) safe multi-UAS operations under uncertain, offnominal, and hazardous conditions. This will require the development of methodologies for the effective detection and mitigation of emergent (unanticipated) safety hazards, as well as humanautomation interface systems that enable effective teaming under adverse conditions. Validation of these systems will require (in part) experimental testing in a realistic and relevant flight environment. This paper presents experimental flight test techniques and an initial set of hazardsbased test scenarios that are under development for assessing the safety of sUAS operations. Key research and technical requirements for establishing a flight test environment for assessing the safety of multi-UAS operations are also briefly addressed.
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