We developed the Supervisory Working Alliance Inventory (SWAI) to measure the relationship in counselor supervision. SWAI was based conceptually on the work of Greenson (1967), Pepinsky and Patton (1971), and others. Three supervisor factors (Client Focus, Rapport, and Identification) and two trainee factors (Rapport and Client Focus) were extracted by factor analysis. The scores on the SWAI were found to possess adequate scale reliability, and evidence of convergent and divergent validity for the SWAI was established by examining its relation to selected scales from the Supervisory Styles Inventory (Friedlander & Ward, 1984). Trainee scores on the Rapport and Client Focus scales of the SWAI were significant predictors of scores on the Self-Efficacy Inventory (Friedlander & Snyder, 1983). Implications for counselor training are discussed in the context of additional research on the psychometric properties of the SWAI. This article is based in part on James F. Efstation's doctoral dissertation in counseling psychology at the University of Tennessee, Knoxville, under the direction of Michael J. Patton.We thank David Cole of the University of Notre Dame for his statistical consultation and Carol Skinner for her assistance with coding some of the data.

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The quality of the supervisory working alliance should be related to the quality of the counseling working alliance and to trainee adherence to a treatment model. After each of 4 supervision sessions, 75 trainees completed the Supervisory Working Alliance Inventory, and, after each counseling session, their clients completed the Working Alliance Inventory. Judges rated portions of the videotaped counseling sessions with an adherence measure. Hierarchical linear modeling was used to analyze these nested data (repeated measures of trainees nested within supervisors). As hypothesized, the trainee's perception of the supervisory alliance was significantly related to the client's perception of the counseling alliance and to aspects of treatment adherence. The significance of these findings is discussed in relation to the supervision literature.

A short-term psychoanalytic counseling model was used to identify process dimensions and client outcomes. Six counselors saw 16 clients over the course of 2 semesters. Clients responded to measures at pre-and posttest and after each session, and counselors filled out measures following each session. Sessions were audio-and videotaped and viewed by trained raters. P-technique factor analysis identified 4 dimensions: Psychoanalytic Technique, Working Alliance, Client Resistance, and Client Transference. Results of hierarchical linear modeling indicated that counselor use of psychoanalytic technique and the working alliance increased steadily across the sessions, whereas client resistance steadily decreased. The alliance dimension also changed in a quadratic fashion. The process dimensions also influenced each other and were related to better client outcomes. Implications are discussed and suggestions for future research are provided.

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