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In Experiment I, performance on a conventional (full) rod and frame was compared with that on three other displays. These included a closure condition in which only the corners of a luminous frame were present, a subjective contour condition in which the rod was seen against a black square subjective surface, and a pattern condition in which four luminous disks were arranged to form the corners of a square pattern. In all cases, a square-like form was perceived. The rod-and-frame effect (RFE) was greatest on the full frame, which differed significantly from an the rest. Closure produced the next greatest influence, while the responses to subjective and pattern conditions did not differ from each other. Experiment 2 showed that a subjective frame was no more effective than the subjective surface of Experiment I, and verified the importance of 90-deg corner elements in the rod-and-frame display. The conclusion drawn was that equivalent form organizations are not sufficient to produce equivalent levels of the RFE, but certain luminance-difference contours appear to be essential. Figure I. All the display elements were made of electroluminescent panels and were shown with a luminance somewhat under I nit. The full frame was 101.6 cm in length and 2.5 cm wide. The rod dimensions were 96.5 x 2.5 cm and were identical in all conditions. In the closure condition (Figure 1b), the outer edge of each corner was 9.6 crn and this also was the dimension of one

The study of simple talk and silence indices that characterize conversation is limited by the costly, "labor-intensive" character of data collection and analysis. In the face of results demonstrating the significance of these data in interpersonal judgments (Hayes & Meltzer, 1972; Lustig, Note I), more efficient collection, storage, and analysis methods are required. This report describes a hardware and software system, FIASSCO, that collects, stores, and analyzes two-person separate-channel audio-recorded conversations for various indices of talk and silence. Data output are both continuous and discrete measures in time sequence. Further, data on the validity and reliability of FIASSCO output are provided along with sample analyses of computer results.This report presents a computer-assisted method of coding and analyzing sound-silence patterns in dyadic relationships. Specifically. it details the procedures used at the University of Wisconsin's Center for Communication Research for automatically recording, digitizing, storing, and analyzing the sound-silence patterns that are found in dyadic communication. These procedures have been developed as an integrated research approach by utilizing the potential of the center's PDP·12 computer. A discussion of how the various programs analyze a sample dyad and a reliability test of these analyses are presented. THEORY AND RATIONALEIt is reasonable to ask if the intensive study of simple, naked behaviors such as talk and silence is likely to offer any practical insight into interpersonal communication situations. An extensive review of the literature on simple talk and silence indices by Lustig (Note 1) produces the following: Talkative persons are more productive (Norfleet, 1948), more task oriented

Three experiments were performed in order to test the construct validity of perceptual field dependence (FD) and field independence (FI). In Experiment I, performance of subjects on two sizes of Form A of Witkin's Embedded Figures Test (EFT) with a size-ratio of 1 to 4 was compared. The size of the standard EFT was taken as unity. A nonsignificant size effect was found for all subjects as a group, and a significant rank correlation was found between performances on the two sizes of the EFT. Furthermore, the performance of field-dependent subjects (as defined by performance on the standard EFT) and field-independent subjects did not interact significantly with the size factor. In Experiment 2, the physical size of the EFT changed from 1 to 8. A nonsignificant, overall size effect was again found, but the EFT performance of fielddependent and field-independent subjects interacted significantly with the size factor. In Experiment 3, the performance of subjects on two sizes of the EFT (i.e., 1 to 8) and two sizes of the standard rod-and-frame test (RFT) (i.e., 1 to 4.5) were compared. A significant stimulus-size effect was found in the EFT, with all subjects becoming morefield-independent, and a significant stimulus-size effect was found in the RFT with the same subjects becoming more field-dependent. Finally, the EFT performance of the field-dependent and field-independent subjects again displayed a significant interaction with the size of the embedded figures. A parallel-serial processingstyles hypothesis is proposed to account for the EFT data.It has been shown recently that changing the retinal size of a rod and frame (Le., the angle that the rod and frame projects onto the retinal surface) modulates performance on the rod-and-frame test (RFT) such that the smaller the retinal angle, the lower the rod-and-frame effect (Ebenholtz,

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