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We review evidence from experiments conducted in our laboratory on retrograde amnesia in rats with damage to the hippocampal formation. In a new experiment reported here, we show that N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate (NMDA)‐induced hippocampal damage produced retrograde amnesia for both hidden platform and two‐choice visible platform discriminations in the Morris water task. For both problems there was a significant trend for longer training‐surgery intervals to be associated with worse retention performance. Little support is offered by our work for the concept that there is a process involving hippocampal‐dependent consolidation of memories in extrahippocampal permanent storage sites. Long‐term memory consolidation may take place within the hippocampus. The hippocampus may be involved permanently in storage and/or retrieval of a variety of relational and nonrelational memories if it was intact at the time of learning, even involving information which is definitely not affected in anterograde amnesia after hippocampal damage. Hippocampus 2001;11:27–42. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.

Outmigration survival of acoustic-tagged, hatchery-origin, late-fall-run Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) smolts from the Sacramento River was estimated for 5 years (2007–2011) using a receiver array spanning the entire outmigration corridor, from the upper river, through the estuary, and into the coastal ocean. The first 4 years of releases occurred during below-average river flows, while the fifth year (2011) occurred during above-average flows. In 2011, overall outmigration survival was two to five times higher than survival in the other 4 years. Regional survival estimates indicate that most of the improved survival seen in 2011 occurred in the riverine reaches of the outmigration corridor, while survival in the brackish portions of the estuary did not significantly differ among the 5 years. For the 4 low-flow years combined, survival rate in the river was lower in the less anthropogenically modified upper reaches; however, across all regions, survival rate was lowest in the brackish portion of the estuary. Even in the high-flow year, outmigration survival was substantially lower than yearling Chinook salmon populations in other large rivers. Potential drivers of these patterns are discussed, including channelization, water flow, and predation. Finally, management strategies are suggested to best exploit survival advantages described in this study.

Following considerable social and demographic change over the past six decades, macro-social theories have attempted to explain contemporary society through trends of weakening traditional institutions (e.g. state, church and family) and certainties (e.g. life-long full-time work and marriage) and growing self-articulation, individualisation, destandardisation and uncertainty. At the same time, new theories and discourses on population movement have emerged, in which emphasis is placed on mobility as both an empowering personal choice and a dominant process of modernity. The contemporary ubiquity of separation, and the corresponding rise of single-person and lone-parent households, is often proposed as one of the clearest articulations of instability, individualisation and weakening of the family. However, through regression-based modelling of geocoded British Household Panel Survey data, we use the compelling case of moves related to separation among families to demonstrate how: (1) links between related individuals can simultaneously trigger, shape and constrain (im)mobility; (2) linked lives can intersect in important ways with social, institutional and geographical structures; and (3) linked postseparation (im)mobility outcomes can often contradict individually-stated pre-separation preferences. Controlling for a range of multilevel characteristics, we find significant gender distinctions, with fathers more likely to leave the family home than mothers, and mothers less likely to break with post-separation familial proximity than fathers. Structural factors including housing-market geographies and population density are found to further shape these (im)mobility patterns. Together, our empirical analysis suggests that family dissolution will rarely herald a period of heightened individualisation, self-determination and unencumbered mobility. Indeed, a wider appreciation of the rise of non-traditional households, their complex linked lives and associated constraints could contribute to more realistic explanations of modern (im)mobility patterns and processes. IntroductionOver the past 60 years Western nations have witnessed huge social change, with macro theories from the Second Demographic Transition (Lesthaeghe and van de Kaa 1986) to the 'risk society' (Beck 1992) emphasising the weakening of traditional institutions (e.g. state, church and family) and certainties (e.g. life-long full-time work and marriage) and the proliferation of self-articulation, individualisation and diversity. The growth and widespread acceptance of various nontraditional households -e.g. non-marital and postseparation cohabitation, living apart together, same sex, step and lone parent households -is often proposed as one of the clearest articulations of this process. Indeed, in England and Wales, official marriage, divorce and mortality statistics show 42 per cent of marriages now end in divorce (ONS 2013), while almost half of divorces occur in families containing children under 16 years of age (ONS 2012). Perhaps unsurprisingly, t...

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