Using technology as a service medium has been touted as a potentially feasible and effective alternative and/or adjunct to in-person services. The telepsychology literature has given less attention to children and adolescents in comparison to adults. This review provides a summary and critique of the empirical research focused on psychological services provided to children and adolescents using three technology media (i.e., videoconferencing, Internet, and telephone). The evidentiary support for providing services with each of these media for a range of concerns is encouraging. The quantity and quality of research, however, both need to be enhanced to better understand how technology mediates the provision of youth services, as well as to elevate telepsychology within professional psychology. Future research and its subsequent impact on policy and practice are considered.

Telehealth-based services in community mental health settings are on the rise and growth is expected to continue. Negative clinician attitudes toward telehealth have been identified as a key barrier to overall telehealth acceptance and implementation. The present study examined rural clinical mental health staff members' attitudes toward telehealth. One hundred clinicians participated in a mixed-methods, Internet-based survey. Eighty-nine percent of respondents reported a favorable or neutral opinion of telehealth and 100% of participants reported their agency provided one or more clinical services via telehealth. Clinicians identified telehealth-related concerns about their ability to establish therapeutic alliance, software and equipment usability, associated costs, whether telehealth-delivered services were equivalent to face-to-face treatment, and HIPAA. These concerns were in line with previous research and all represent areas where additional training or knowledge could potentially address clinician apprehension. We found a strong positive correlation, r ϭ .66, p Ͻ .01 between telehealth knowledge and telehealth experience. Telehealth knowledge predicted telehealth opinion (␤ ϭ .430, R 2 ϭ .19, p Ͻ .01) and an agency's technological capability to provide services via telehealth predicted clinicians' willingness to consider providing services via telehealth (␤ ϭ .390, R 2 ϭ .15, p Ͻ .05). Researchers and trainers should focus on increasing knowledge about the effectiveness of telehealth and providing clinicians with safe opportunities to gain comfort and competency with the technology needed to provide these types of specialized services.

Veterans face a variety of stressors due to their military service and are more likely to develop psychological problems as a result. Research suggests that as many as half of veterans with mental health conditions go untreated due to barriers including lack of accessibility to services and stigma. The present study builds on previous research by using meta-analytic techniques to determine the effectiveness of telepsychologydelivered therapy with veterans. Empirical studies were included if they reported veteran-related outcome data on a psychological intervention used to treat a mental health condition remotely using either videoconferencing or telephone. Twenty-seven studies including 2,648 total participants (1,667 in treatment conditions and 981 in control conditions) met our inclusion criteria and were incorporated into our analysis. Twenty-five studies provided pre-post data to evaluate various therapy outcomes, and 18 studies used a randomized clinical trials (RCTs) design that allowed a comparison between telehealth and traditional inperson therapy. Publication bias was evaluated using correlations between sample and effect sizes for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression for pretest-posttest and RCT designs; risk was determined to be minimal. Weighted average pre-post effect sizes were moderate-to-strong for depression and trauma, and videoconferencing was more effective than telephone for depression (d = 0.86 and 0.46, respectively) and trauma (d = 1.00 and 0.51, respectively). Weighted average effect sizes computed from RCT studies suggest telepsychology is similarly effective as services provided face-to-face. More research is needed for telepsychology-delivered treatments for other mental health conditions faced by veterans. Impact StatementOnly about half of veterans who meet criteria for a mental health condition obtain treatment due to barriers including service accessibility and embarrassment associated with waiting in line at provider offices. Telepsychology, specifically videoconferencing and telephone, can help reduce these barriers to treatment by eliminating some challenges associated with geographic distances to providers, and by allowing patients to skip office visits. Services delivered by technology are an effective way to alleviate mental health symptoms in this population and are comparable to services provided face-to-face.

Multicultural education course offerings are expanding at many colleges and universities throughout the United States (Howard-Hamilton, Cuyjet, & Cooper, 2011; Mallinckrodt et al., 2014). These courses frequently cover a range of topics (e.g., race, gender, sexual orientation, socioeconomic status [SES]; Flammer, 2001; Montross, 2003) to better prepare students for an increasingly diverse work environment (Bezrukova, Jehn, & Spell, 2012). One of the goals of multicultural education is to raise awareness of privilege and oppression (D. J. Goodman, 2001; Hays, 2005; Montross, 2003). Awareness of privilege and oppression refers to an individual's ability to recognize the social injustices that result from systemic privilege and oppression, and this construct has been identified as a foundational step in social identity development (

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