The relationship between tip size and evaluations of the service was assessed in a meta-analysis of 7 published and 6 unpublished studies involving 2,547 dining parties at 20 different restaurants. Consistent with theories about equity motivation and the economic functions of tipping, there was a positive and statistically significant relationship between tip size and service evaluations. However, that relationship was much smaller than is generally supposed. The confounding effects of customer mood and patronage frequency as well as the reverse-causality effects of server favoritism toward big tippers were all examined and shown to be insufficient explanations for the correlation between tipping and service evaluations. These findings suggest that tippers are concerned about equitable economic relationships with servers, but that equity effects may be too weak for tip size to serve as a valid measure of server performance or for tipping to serve as an effective incentive for delivering good service.
Previous explanations of arousal-attraction phenomena have focused on misattribution and reinforcement processes. Two studies were conducted to test an alternative response-facilitation explanation of these findings. In general, both studies followed previous methods, with the addition of conditions in which Ss attention was directed to the actual source of their arousal. Study I was based on the fear-arousal method used by Button and Aron (1974) and found enhanced attraction to a confederate in high-fear-arousal subjects. Contrary to the misattribution model, the focus-of-attention manipulation had no eifect on attraction. Study 2 used a nonthreatening source of arousal (exercise) and also included a focus-of-attention manipulation. Contrary to the misattribution model, arousal facilitated sexual attraction even when subjects' attention was directed to the actual arousal source. Although the results of Study 1 are consistent with a negative-reinforcement model, the findings from Study 2, and from several other studies in the area, are not. The simple responsefacilitation model best explains these results and provides a parsimonious alternative explanation for several other sets of data.What role does cognitive labeling play in emotional experiences? Schachter and Singer (1962) proposed that all emotions have a common set of underlying physiological symptoms: We discriminate fear from anger from joy by attending not to differential physiological cues but to the context in which we experience the arousal. Berscheid and Walster (1974) applied the two-factor theory to the emotion of romantic love. According to this viewpoint, romantic love occurs when we experience physiological arousal in the presence of a member of the opposite sex whom we find attractive. One implication of this view is that romantic attraction can be increased by any extraneous source of physiological arousal that coincides with exposure to a potential lover.Original Support for a Misattribution Model Berscheid and Walster (1974) interpreted a number of findings within the misattribution framework. For instance, Stephan, Berscheid, and Walster (1971) found increased attraction for a potential blind date in subjects who had been previously exposed to a sexually arousing story. Jacobs, found that women who met an attractive man were more attracted to him when they had recently had an unrelated upsetting experience, and Driscoll, Davis, and Lipetz Study 1 was conducted as Michael A. McCall's master's thesis at Arizona State University.
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