Primary alcohol dehydrogenation by a PNP-Ru(II) catalyst was probed by low-temperature NMR experiments. Facile dehydrogenation occurred at -30 °C, but the resulting aldehydes were not found in solution, as they were trapped by the catalyst through a new mode of metal-ligand cooperation involving Ru-O coordination and an unusual, highly reversible C-C coupling with the PNP pincer ligand.

C-H bond activation was observed in a novel PCO ligand 1 (C(6)H(CH(3))(3)(CH(2)OCH(3))(CH(2)P(t-Bu)(2))) at room temperature in THF, acetone, and methanol upon reaction with the cationic rhodium precursor, [Rh(coe)(2)(solv)(n)()]BF(4) (solv = solvent; coe = cyclooctene). The products in acetone (complexes 3a and 3b) and methanol (complexes 4a and 4b) were fully characterized spectroscopically. Two products were formed in each case, namely those containing uncoordinated (3a and 4a) and coordinated (3b and 4b) methoxy arms, respectively. Upon heating of the C-H activation products in methanol at 70 degrees C, C-C bond activation takes place. Solvent evaporation under vacuum at room temperature for 3-4 days also results in C-C activation. The C-C activation product, ((CH(3))Rh(C(6)H(CH(3))(2)(CH(2)OCH(3))(CH(2)P(t-Bu)(2))BF(4)), was characterized by X-ray crystallography, which revealed a square pyramidal geometry with the BF(4)(-) anion coordinated to the metal. Comparison to the structurally similar and isoelectronic nonchelating Rh-PC complex system and computational studies provide insight into the reaction mechanism. The reaction mechanism was studied computationally by means of a two-layer ONIOM model, using both the B3LYP and mPW1K exchange-correlation functionals and a variety of basis sets. Polarization functions significantly affect relative energetics, and the mPW1K profile appears to be more reliable than its B3LYP counterpart. The calculations reveal that the electronic requirements for both C-C and C-H activation are essentially the same (14e intermediates are the key ones). On the other hand, the steric requirements differ significantly, and chelation appears to play an important role in C-C bond activation.

The urea oxidation reaction (UOR) is technologically important for the development of a renewable energy infrastructure. Urea electrolysis (UE) can be used to produce hydrogen much more cost‐effectively than water electrolysis, as it theoretically requires 93% less energy. Urea can also be used as fuel in direct urea fuel cells (DUFCs), instead of H2, and thus serve as an efficient hydrogen carrier. This review addresses the UOR in neutral, acidic, and alkaline electrolytes, with special emphasis on the latter. Recent developments in Ni‐based catalysts for urea oxidation (UO) in alkaline electrolytes are discussed in detail, highlighting proposed reaction mechanisms and intermediates, based on experimental and computational results. Various catalytic designs used to mitigate the UO kinetic barriers, including the use of transition metal oxides and alloys, as well as tailored surface support materials, and discuss their application in UE and DUFCs are presented. The significant challenges impeding advances in urea electrocatalysis, in addition to emerging research areas in this field, are also discussed.

Sequential addition of CO molecules to cationic aryl-hydrido Rh(III) complexes of phosphine-based (PCP) pincer ligands was found to lead first to C-H reductive elimination and then to C-H oxidative addition, thereby demonstrating a dual role of CO. DFT calculations indicate that the oxidative addition reaction is directly promoted by CO, in contrast to the commonly accepted view that CO hinders such reactions. This intriguing effect was traced to repulsive pi interactions along the aryl-Rh-CO axis, which are augmented by the initially added CO ligand (due to antibonding interactions between occupied Rh d(pi) orbitals and occupied pi orbitals of both CO and the arene moiety), but counteracted by the second CO ligand (due to significant pi back-donation). These repulsive interactions were themselves linked to significant weakening of the pi-acceptor character of CO in the positively charged rhodium complexes, which is concurrent with an enhanced sigma-donating capability. Replacement of the phosphine ligands by an analogous phosphinite-based (POCOP) pincer ligand led to significant changes in reactivity, whereby addition of CO did not result in C-H reductive elimination, but yielded relatively stable mono- and dicarbonyl aryl-hydrido POCOP-Rh(III) complexes. DFT calculations showed that the stability of these complexes arises from the higher electrophilicity of the POCOP ligand, relative to PCP, which leads to partial reduction of the excessive pi-electron density along the aryl-Rh-CO axis. Finally, comparison between the effects of CO and acetonitrile on C-H oxidative addition revealed that they exhibit similar reactivity, despite their markedly different electronic properties. However, DFT calculations indicate that the two ligands operate by different mechanisms.