Passive acoustic monitoring of dolphins is limited by our ability to classify calls to species. Significant overlap in call characteristics among many species, combined with a wide range of call types and acoustic behavior, makes classification of calls to species challenging. Here, we introduce BANTER, a compound acoustic classification method for dolphins that utilizes information from all call types produced by dolphins rather than a single call type, as has been typical for acoustic classifiers. Output from the passive acoustic monitoring software, PAMGuard, was used to create independent classifiers for whistles, echolocation clicks, and burst pulses, which were then merged into a final, compound classifier for each species. Classifiers for five species found in the California Current ecosystem were trained and tested using 153 single‐species acoustic events recorded during a 4.5 mo combined visual and acoustic shipboard cetacean survey off the west coast of the United States. Correct classification scores for individual species ranged from 71% to 92%, with an overall correct classification score of 84% for all five species. The conceptual framework of this approach easily lends itself to other species and study areas as well as to noncetacean taxa.

Fetal growth restriction is associated with a shortened interval to delivery in women undergoing expectant management of preeclampsia when disease is diagnosed prior to 34 weeks. These data may be helpful in counseling patients regarding the expected duration of pregnancy, guiding decision making regarding administration of steroids and determining the need for maternal transport.

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The prognosis of superficial bladder cancer in terms of recurrence and disease progression is related to bladder tumor multiplicity and the presence of concomitant "plane" tumors such as high-grade dysplasia and carcinoma in situ. This study in 33 patients aimed to demonstrate the role of fluorescence cystoscopy in transurethral resection of superficial bladder cancer. The method is based on the detection of protoporphyrin-IX-induced fluorescence in urothelial cancer cells by topical administration of 5-aminolevulinic acid. The sensitivity and the specificity of this procedure on apparently normal mucosa in superficial bladder cancer are estimated to be 82.9% and 81.3%, respectively. Thus, fluorescence cytoscopy is a simple and reliable method for mapping the bladder mucosa, especially in the case of multifocal bladder disease, and it facilitates the screening of occult dysplasia.

We surveyed agonistic behaviors of 20 captive groups of pigtail macaques fMacaca nemestrina) housed under identical spatial conditions. Fifteen groups contained one male each; the other five groups contained no adult males. Groups included six to twelve adult females, some of which had infants with them. We found no relationship between social density of groups and incidence of agonistic behavior, but significantly more contact aggression (grab, hit, push, bite) and noncontact aggression (chase, open-mouth "threat," bark vocalization) occurred among females in groups containing no males than in those containing one male each. Apparently, males played an important role in the inhibition of intragroup conflict. We also found that females in groups containing males exhibited less noncontact aggression if infants were present than if no infants resided in their groups. Thus, competition of females over infants must not have been an important constituent of intragroup conflict under the conditions of this survey.Destructive violence, observed in freeranging primates, is frequently intensified under captive conditions (Rowell, '67).Nagel and Kummer ('74) suggested the following reasons for higher rates of agonistic behavior among captive groups of cercopithecoid primates: (A) Social factors such as competition over females, conflict over infants, and disturbance of social order, and (A) Ecological factors such as competition over food or space, absence of cover, excess time to engage in social behavior (time spent foraging by nonprovisioned animals), reduction of ecological functions of alpha males, and incompatible composition of groups.Maintenance and breeding of nonhuman primates in captivity has become vital to assure a supply of research subjects for domestic biomedical use and to avoid further depletion of wild populations; yet, little research on the effects of captive conditions on the behavior and physiology of AM. J, PHYS. ANTHROP., 46: 73-76. nonhuman primates has been reported, and trauma sustained in aggressive interactions continues to be a problem in captive groups. We instituted a series of research projects designed to assess the factors contributing to violence and its control in captive groups of pigtail macaques to find ways of minimizing the destructive consequences of aggression. While our primary goal is increased efficiency and self-sufficiency in primate production, we also anticipate finding useful analogues of human aggressive motivation. In the project reported here we studied influences of group ' Ihib research was supported b y NIHiCSPHS grant RHO0166 to the Regional Primate Research Center at University of' Washington and by an intramural grant from the Fund for Instructional Developmrnt and Innovation, University of Washington. J , Erwin r w r i v e d partial siipport under NICBHD-08633 during the period in which this project WRY done. l h e authors gratefully acknowledge the cuoperation or the staff' of the Primate Field Station.