() ABSTRACT: Cylindrospermopsin CYN is a hepatotoxic alkaloid found in the blue -green alga Cylin-( ) drospermopsis raciborskii C. raciborskii . Data indicating CYN alone does not account for the toxicity of freeze dried cultures of C. raciborskii have been presented recently. In an attempt to explain these data, we have purified and characterized the structure of an analog of CYN, deoxycylindrospermopsin ( ) ( ) deoxy-CYN . Three mice dosed intraperitoneally IP with 0.8 mg/ kg of deoxy-CYN showed no toxicity ( after 5 days. Comparison with the toxicity of CYN 5 day median lethal dose approximately 0.2 mg/ kg ) IP and its relative abundance in C. raciborskii suggest deoxy-CYN does not contribute significantly to the toxicity of C. raciborskii. The additional toxicity of freeze dried C. raciborskii over pure CYN, therefore, remains unexplained.

Modern vehicles rely on hundreds of on-board electronic control units (ECUs) communicating over in-vehicle networks. As external interfaces to the car control networks (such as the on-board diagnostic (OBD) port, auxiliary media ports, etc.) become common, and vehicle-to-vehicle / vehicle-to-infrastructure technology is in the near future, the a ack surface for vehicles grows, exposing control networks to potentially life-critical a acks. is paper addresses the need for securing the controller area network (CAN) bus by detecting anomalous tra c pa erns via unusual refresh rates of certain commands. While previous works have identi ed signal frequency as an important feature for CAN bus intrusion detection, this paper provides the rst such algorithm with experiments using three a acks in ve (total) scenarios. Our data-driven anomaly detection algorithm requires only ve seconds of training time (on normal data) and achieves true positive / false discovery rates of 0.9998/0.00298, respectively (micro-averaged across the ve experimental tests).

Abbreviations: (AC) alternating current, (BIA) bioelectrical impedance analysis, (ECF) extracellular fluid, (MRSA) AbstractObjective assessment of wound healing is fundamental to evaluate therapeutic and nutritional interventions and to identify complications. Despite availability of many techniques to monitor wounds, there is a need for a safe, practical, accurate, and effective method. A new method is localized bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) that noninvasively provides information describing cellular changes that occur during healing and signal complications to wound healing. This article describes the theory and application of localized BIA and provides examples of its use among patients with lower leg wounds. This promising method may afford clinicians a novel technique for routine monitoring of interventions and surveillance of wounds.

Increasing reports of blooms of the blue -green alga Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii C. ) ( ) raciborskii , which contains the hepatotoxic alkaloid cylindrospermopsin CYN , have led to public health concerns in Australia. The toxicology of CYN appears complex and is still being elucidated. We have utilized the combination of sensitivity and specificity afforded by coupling high performance liquid ( ) ( ) chromatography HPLC to a tandem mass spectrometer MS / MS to produce an assay which is suitable for monitoring low CYN concentrations in water samples. Intact algal cells in the water sample ( ) are lysed by a freeze -thaw cycle. After filtration 0.45 m filter , 110 L is injected. The HPLC uses an ( ) Altima C18 250 = 4.6 mm, 5 m column at 40ЊC. Chromatography utilizes a linear gradient from 1 to 60% methanol over 5 min, with a final isocratic stage holding at 60% methanol for 1 min. The mobile ( ) phase is buffered to 5 mM with ammonium acetate. The transition from the M + H ion 416 m / z to the [ 194 m / z fragment is monitored. Linearity of this assay is 1 -600 g / L peak area= 304 = CYN Ž ) 2 ( )] g/L y 569; r = 1.000 n = 7 . Using a single point standard curve, total coefficients of variation were 26.4, 10.5, 12.6, and 10.7% at 0.78, 5.2, 104, and 1040 g / L. This assay is utilized in conjunction with algal cell counts and mouse bioassays to monitor water bodies for public health purposes. The rationale used in employing these methods is discussed.

A limited number of techniques are employed in clinical medicine for regional tissue perfusion assessment. These methods are marginally effective and are not well suited for implantation due to the inability to miniaturize the associated technologies. Consequently, no standardized techniques exist for real-time, continuous monitoring of organ perfusion following transplantation. In this paper, a brief overview of the relevant clinical techniques employed for regional tissue perfusion assessment is given with particular emphasis on post-surgical monitoring of transplanted organs. The ideal characteristics for a perfusion monitoring system are discussed and the development of a new, completely implanted local tissue monitoring system is summarized. In vivo and in vitro data are presented that establish the efficacy of this new technology, which is a photonics-based sensor system uniquely suited for continuous tissue monitoring and real-time data reporting. The suitablity of this sensor technology for miniaturization, which enables implantation for monitoring localized tissue perfusion, is discussed.