While much progress has been made in this area, the profession could do much more to promote the greater use of mouthguards.

No abstract

Natural head posture continues to be widely used as the logical reference position for the evaluation of craniofacial morphology. The basic underlying premise is that the long-term clinical reproducibility (variability) of natural head posture is significantly less than the variability of conventional reference planes with respect to the vertical. This study reports the 15-year longitudinal reproducibility of natural head posture. Twenty Chinese adults in Hong Kong, who had initial natural head posture radiographs at age 12 years, were followed up and had repeated cephalograms after 15 years. The method error (reproducibility) after 15 years was 2.2 degrees, which compared favorably with the 5-year reproducibility (method error = 3.0 degrees ) and the 5 to 10 minutes reproducibility (method error = 1.9 degrees ). The individual variability of natural head posture reproducibility increased slightly over time. After 15 years the variance of natural head posture (4.8 degrees [= 2.2(2)]) remains significantly less than the variance of intracranial reference planes to the vertical (25 degrees to 36 degrees ). Cephalometric analyses based on natural head posture therefore remain valid over time.