We have developed a simple gold-catalyzed procedure for the synthesis of substituted and modifiable azulenes. The azulenes are formed either by the dimerization of push-pull diarylalkynes bearing a fluorine atom in ortho or para position or by the dimerization of a symmetric electron-rich diarylalkyne. In the presence of a cationic gold catalyst, the two alkynes can form a highly reactive vinyl cation. Trapping of this high-energy intermediate by an appropriate aryl unit then delivers substituted azulenes in a single step and in a perfect atom economy.
Eine einfache Gold-katalysierte Methode fürd ie Synthese von substituierten und modifizierbaren Azulenen wurde entwickelt. Die Azulene werden entweder über die Dimerisierung von Push-Pull-Diarylalkinen mit Fluor-Substituenten in ortho-oder para-Position, oder über die Dimerisierung eines symmetrischen elektronenreichen Diarylalkins gebildet. In Anwesenheit eines kationischen Gold-Katalysators bilden die zwei Alkine ein hoch reaktives Vinyl-Kation. Diese energiereiche Zwischenstufe wird durche ine passende Aryl-Einheit abgefangen, sodass liefert in einem einzigen, perfekt atomçkonomischen Schritt substituierte Azulene erhalten werden.Schema 1. Vorangehende Studien und die Entdeckung einer einstufigen Azulen-Synthese.[*] M.
By employing the sterically highly demanding steering ligand IPr* at a gold(I) center, it is possible to induce a 6‐endo‐dig cyclization pathway in 1,5‐diynes bearing terminal alkyne moieties. The resulting aurated naphthyl cations are utilized for the intermolecular formation of C‐C bonds via C‐H insertion of aromatic and aliphatic C‐H bonds. The mechanisms of these transformations were studied by quantum chemical calculations.
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