During the 5 years from 1989 to 1994 a series of parties in east-central Europe moved from enjoying a monopoly of power in single-party states to standing on the threshold of recognition as social-democratic parties in a context of competitive party politics. In confronting this process of adaptation they have been aided by their organizational strength, but such elements of continuity have been accompanied by changes in their programmes and in their membership. Their search for a refashioned identity has met up with a search on the part of the Socialist International for interlocutors in eastern Europe, the social-democratic parties of the region having in most cases failed to establish themselves in the new polities.

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