Participation and site choice for Atlantic salmon fishing are modeled in the context of a repeated three-level nested-logit model. Consumer's surplus measures are derived for different levels of species availability in the Penobscot River, the most important salmon river in New England. For comparison, six other travel-cost models are estimated. These include restrictive cases of the nested-logit model, a partial demand model, and two single-site demand models. Comparisons across these models indicate the importance of modeling the participation decision, including income effects, and of adopting a nested-logit structure rather than a single-level logit structure.Key words: Atlantic salmon fishing, nested-logit, travel cost model.Discrete-choice random-utility models are well suited to explain how an individual will choose among a discrete number of alternatives as a function of the costs and characteristics of those alternatives. Such models all share two components. Conditional indirect utility functions are specified for each of the alternatives, and each of these conditional indirect utility functions has a component that is random from the analyst's perspective. If each of the random components is independently drawn from a normal distribution, the model is a probit model; if each of the random components is independently drawn from an extreme value distribution, it is a logit model; and if the vector of random components is drawn from a generalized extreme value dist¡ it is a nested-logit model. In all discrete-choice random-utility models, the deterministic part of the conditional indirect utility function for each alternative is a function of the individual's income, the cost of that alternative and the characteristics of that alternative. We also thank the Atlantic salmon anglers who participated in the study.Review coordinated by Richard Adams.cost for alternative j enter the conditional indirect for alternative j in the separable form of income minus cost of alternative j; i.e., expenditures on the num› given alternative j is chosen. If expenditures on the num› enter each conditional indirect in a linear fashion with the same coefficient for each alternative, the probabilities associated with each alternative are nota function of the individual' s income and the compensating va¡ CV, associated with any change in costs or characte¡ is equal to the corresponding equivalent variation, EV. In this case, the CV is nota function of the individual's income. Alternatively, if expenditures on the num› enter one or more of the conditional indirects in a nonlinear fashion, income effects are present. While logit models of recreational site selection that do not incorporate income effects are quite common, ones that include income effects are rare. ~ Reasons for not including income effects are that it complicates estimation, and the fact that, when income effects are incorporated, the CV and EV do not have closed-form solutions.We develop and estimate a repeated three-level nested-logit model that explains, for e...

The head domain of influenza hemagglutinin (HA) elicits potently neutralizing yet mostly strain-specific antibodies during infection and vaccination. Here we evaluated a series of immunogens that combined several immunofocusing techniques for their ability to enhance the functional breadth of vaccine-elicited immune responses. We designed a series of 'trihead' nanoparticle immunogens that display native-like closed trimeric heads from the HAs of several H1N1 influenza viruses, including hyperglycosylated variants and hypervariable variants that incorporate natural and designed sequence diversity at key positions in the periphery of the receptor binding site (RBS). Nanoparticle immunogens displaying triheads or hyperglycosylated triheads elicited higher HAI and neutralizing activity against vaccine-matched and -mismatched H1 viruses than corresponding immunogens lacking either trimer-stabilizing mutations or hyperglycosylation, indicating that both of these engineering strategies contributed to improved immunogenicity. By contrast, mosaic nanoparticle display and antigen hypervariation did not significantly alter the magnitude or breadth of vaccine-elicited antibodies. Serum competition assays and electron microscopy polyclonal epitope mapping revealed that the trihead immunogens, especially when hyperglycosylated, elicited a high proportion of antibodies targeting the RBS, as well as cross-reactive antibodies targeting a conserved epitope on the side of the head. Our results yield important insights into antibody responses against the HA head and the ability of several structure-based immunofocusing techniques to influence vaccine-elicited antibody responses.

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Mochizuki is a revenge play (ada-uchi mono) involving named characters in actual locations, one specified and one implied. Apart from the family name of the eponymous villain, the character names in Mochizuki seem to be fictional. The main characters all originally come from Shinano Province (modern Nagano Prefecture) where there was indeed a clan called Mochizuki, but no record has been found of either the villain's name "Mochizuki Akinaga" or of the avenged murder represented in this drama (Kongō n.p.). Mochizuki survives as a place-name (now Mochizuki-machi Kita-sakuma-gun Nakano-ken) in the area between Matsumoto City and Karuizawa. The Nakasendō or "Central Mountain Route" to and from eastern Japan and the capital Kyoto ran through that area of Shinano. The events of the plot itself take place some 330 km further east in Moriyama in Ōmi Province (Shiga Prefecture) on the eastern side of Lake Biwa. Moriyama was also on the Nakasendō, a post station where travelers would halt for the night. It is there that a certain samurai called Tomofusa has become the master of the inn called the Kabuto-ya ("Helmet Lodge"). 1 The play opens with an opening speech by Tomofusa (shite). In the Kongō school version of the play translated by Rebecca Teele in this volume, Tomofusa explains explicitly why he took the occupation of innkeeper. He had been in service of Yasuda no Shōji Tomoharu, who was killed after an argument (kōron) with his cousin Mochizuki. At the time of his master's death, Tomofusa had been in the capital. He hurried back only to find that the enemy were waiting to ambush him. Unable to return to Shinano, he had taken refuge in Moriyama, becoming master of an inn much frequented by travelers. Tomoyasu's speech has an almost identical wording in the versions of the Hōshō, Kongō, Komparu, and Kita schools. 2 The only notable difference is the addition in the shimogakari versions (Kongō, Komparu, and Kita) of a phrase to emphasize how he travelled even by night in his haste to return (Yokomichi and Omote 2: 397; Kongō 1 recto-verso, Nogami 4: 561; Kita 1 recto). By contrast, the Kanze school version begins with a nanori (naming speech) in which the shite does not name himself or identify himself beyond giving his province of origin (hongoku) and his present occupation as innkeeper in Moriyama. In a telling change, he makes only the most oblique reference for his reasons for coming to Moriyama (Sanari 5: 3040). This is the first of many changes in the Kanze school. Yamanaka's study of early libretti (utaibon) and other sources indicates that the Kanze versions were much closer to those of the other schools until the end of the eighteenth century (Kansei period, 1789

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