When a disaster occurs, the society in risk is not only threatened by the consequences of this event. Stable and trigger factors generate a natural hazard, which in turn induces changes in some trigger factors and thereby these changes can induce another natural hazard. Furthermore, natural hazards are characterized by interactions, which consist of various types, such as the triggering (cascading) interrelations. The purpose of this research is to identify, through a review process, the cascading effects of major natural hazards that occurred in Greece and had a significant impact on society.

Coupled fire-atmosphere systems are currently developed to respond to the need of operational system in air quality and fire attack management. This work participates to this effort by proposing a simulation strategy where the plume is simulated using fire observation. Such approach can provide reference test case for more complex coupled fire-atmosphere simulation. Using the Forefire-MesoNH system, we simulate the plume evolution of a landscape scale burn where the fire is not simulated as a spreading front but rather prescribed from multiple fix burners controlled with observation data. The simulation of the plume formed from a 7-hectare savannah fire conducted in Kruger National Park in 2014 is demonstrated using helicopter-borne observations georeferenced at 1-m resolution and post-processed to extract information of heat fluxes at pixel level.