Previous research studies mostly focused on enhancing the security of radio frequency identification (RFID) protocols for various RFID applications that rely on a centralized database. However, blockchain technology is quickly emerging as a novel distributed and decentralized alternative that provides higher data protection, reliability, immutability, transparency, and lower management costs compared with a conventional centralized database. These properties make it extremely suitable for integration in a supply chain management system. In order to successfully fuse RFID and blockchain technologies together, a secure method of communication is required between the RFID tagged goods and the blockchain nodes. Therefore, this paper proposes a robust ultra-lightweight mutual authentication RFID protocol that works together with a decentralized database to create a secure blockchain-enabled supply chain management system. Detailed security analysis is performed to prove that the proposed protocol is secure from key disclosure, replay, manin-the-middle, de-synchronization, and tracking attacks. In addition to that, a formal analysis is conducted using Gong, Needham, and Yahalom logic and automated validation of internet security protocols and applications tool to verify the security of the proposed protocol. The protocol is proven to be efficient with respect to storage, computational, and communication costs. In addition to that, a further step is taken to ensure the robustness of the protocol by analyzing the probability of data collision written to the blockchain. INDEX TERMS Blockchain, distributed ledger technology, radio frequency identification.

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Smart City is a cutting edge technology driven city aimed at making our everyday lives safer and more convenient. Like every city it is comprised of structures. To uphold their safety these structures have to undergo periodical maintenance checks. However, checks are done manually, thus consume a significant amount of time and financial resources. Remote Structural Health Monitoring (RSHM) is a perfect solution for a Smart City, however limited research is done in applying Internet of Things (IoT) sensor nodes for permanent RSHM in applications that use bolted joints as a main fastening method. Most of the proposed solutions are not suitable, since either additional structural modifications are required, they violate standards, provide poor wireless communication range or still require human intervention. Therefore, this paper proposes an IoT sensor node named TenSense M30, which leverages Long Range (LoRa) communication technology to enable wide communication coverage and long life for monitoring the health of bolted joints in a Smart City environment. TenSense M30 has a miniature footprint and can be used as an add-on to current structures. Mechanical, hardware and embedded designs are presented and evaluated by means of simulation and practical tests. Results show that TenSense M30 is capable of precisely monitoring the pre-tension load of bolted joints, has a secured non-line of sight communication channel with a distance of 800 meters, has an expected lifetime of greater than 5 years powered by a number of coin cell batteries, and is safe under the pre-tension load. INDEX TERMS Strain measurement, Internet of Things, sensor systems and applications, remote monitoring, bolted joint, LoRa.