Fluoroquinolones (FQs) are widely used drugs around the world. This is a result of their broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, high bioavailability, and known efficacy. Since they appeared on the market, their prescribing frequency has gradually increased. In 2011, FQs became the third most prescribed class of antibiotics in the US. Widespread use of these drugs resulted in an increasing number of reported side effects. In 2016, the FDA warned about significant side effects, including mental disorders in the form of anxiety, psychotic symptoms, insomnia, and depression. Psychiatric adverse reactions to FQs occur with a frequency of 1 to 4.4% and the mechanism of their formation is not entirely clear. It is believed that the antagonistic effect of FQs on the GABA receptor or interaction with the main receptor for the glutamatergic system—NMDA—is responsible for this. The paper is a structured review of 68 selected publications and the latest summary of CNS adverse effects that occur during FQ use. Prescribers should be aware of the risk factors for FQ toxicity, including elderly patients with underlying medical conditions or receiving concomitant medication; however, these adverse events may also occur in other groups of patients.

Introduction: Proper diagnosis of obesity and effective treatment requires an interdisciplinary healthcare approach. Nevertheless, obesity remains under-identified and under-treated. Academic knowledge concerning obesity pathology, diagnosis, and treatment is advancing, it is not clear whether this translates into clinical practice. The goal of the study was to assess the knowledge of Healthcare Professionals (HCPs) on obesity, and particularly on the criteria for diagnosis as well as for conservative and surgical treatment. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted among active HCPs (N = 184), including physicians, nurses, physiotherapists, and paramedics who had contact with adult patients with obesity. The proprietary research survey, implemented in an online tool, was used to assess knowledge on the diagnosis and treatment of obesity and self-assessment of that knowledge. The analysis was limited to the following: body mass index (BMI) definition, BMI values, visceral obesity definition, bariatric surgery indications, choice of treatment method, role of diet and physical activity, knowledge of obesity pharmacotherapy, length of obesity pharmacotherapy, financing of bariatric procedures, and goals of bariatric treatment. The correct answers were determined according to the Polish guidelines. Results: Half of the respondents (52.2%) were doctors, 20.7% were nurses, 19.0% were physiotherapists, and 8.2% were other medical professionals. Among questions related to knowledge on obesity, 67.1% of respondents provided correct answers, with respondents answering questions concerning obesity diagnosis correctly more frequently (70.1%) than those concerning methods of treatment (64.6%). The largest number of correct answers were related to the definition of BMI and normal BMI values. The smallest number of correct answers pertained to the diagnostic criteria for visceral obesity and pharmacological treatment of obesity. There were no statistically significant impact of a responder's knowledge levels on the obesity of different HCPs. Workplace and participation in training sessions were found to have the largest impact on the level of knowledge on obesity. HCPs own assessment of their knowledge on obesity was negatively correlated with their actual level of knowledge. Conclusion: The prevalence of overweight and obesity implies that essentially every HCP has daily contact with patients with excessive body weight. Our research showed that 32.9% of HCPs did not have sufficient knowledge about how to diagnose and treat obesity.

Adolescent access to confidential health care is considered a right of young people in many countries. According to the World Health Organisation (WHO), for adolescents, it is one of the basic conditions for friendliness and accessibility of health care in general. 1 This confidentiality is understood in many different ways. For example, in some countries, a teenager has the right, to have an abortion without the knowledge of their parents (e.g., France, Luxembourg, Slovenia). 2 Confidentiality from another perspective is a practice allowing every adolescents, who come with a parent for a preventive visit, to have a few minutes of the so-called private time with the doctor (conversation without the parent being present in the office). 3 An important element of confidentiality is also the so-called conditional confidentiality-the rule that all information given to the doctor is covered by secrecy (from parents), excluding such information that concealment would pose a high risk for the health and /or the life of the teenager (e.g., suicidal ideation). 4 Private time and conditional confidentiality are necessary, for example, to conduct a reliable examination according to the HEADSS method (Home, Education, Activities, Drugs, Suicidality, Sex). Parental presence has shown to reduce not only the honesty of adolescents, but also the number of topics addressed during the visit, particularly those related to sexuality, substance use and mental health. 5 Adolescents' right to confidential health care demonstrates respect for human rights, including the right to be heard, 6 the right to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of health 7 and the right to a private life, which, as Article 16 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child states, should not be unreasonably