In this paper the author discusses the problem how tax setting by governments may change the terms of competitiveness between countries and induce rms to initial location decisions. Here is important the question how direct tax coordination within the European Union will a ect the tax competition and the development of national economies. According to the author, any attempt at harmonization of tax policies done in an arbitrary way, contrary to the freedom of economic activity, and consisting in harmonizing income tax rates through setting up a minimum rate or rate brackets would be harmful to growing economies and might pose a real threat to economic development. On the other hand, the some current proposals CCCTB (common consolidated corporate tax base) could make tax regimes more transparent without limiting the conditions of tax competition.
W artykule poruszono problematykę wpływu otoczenia fiskalnego biznesu na rozwój i wzrost przewagi konkurencyjnej w skali zarówno poszczególnych przedsiębiorstw, jak i gospodarki jako całości. Zdaniem autora kwestia ta stanowi szczególne wyzwanie w kontekście członkostwa Polski w Unii Europejskiej i w dobie globalizacji procesów gospodarczych. W tym celu dokonano analizy i ewaluacji stosowanej przez kraje OECD polityki podatkowej w zakresie opodatkowania dochodów, a zwłaszcza poziomu opodatkowania, fiskalizmu, klina podatkowego i szarej strefy. W badaniach próbowano znaleźć związek pomiędzy tymi wielkościami a rozwojem przedsiębiorczości i konkurencyjności gospodarki. W konkluzji stwierdzono, że nadmierne obciążenia podatkowe mają negatywny wpływ na rejestrowaną działalność przedsiębiorstw, mogą obniżać poziom konkurencyjności gospodarki oraz stymulować do działań szkodliwych społecznie i gospodarczo, zaś doświadczenia wielu państw OECD wskazują, że warto redukować obciążenia fiskalne.
When designing an ultra energy-efficient vehicles it is extremely important to ensure the lightweight vehicle's structure. The compromise between the fulfilment of functional and strength requirements can be achieved by using a spatial shell or frame design. The paper presents a comparison of these two concepts of the supporting structure of such a vehicle, at the same time analysing the pros and cons of each of them. The method of optimizing the structure of both load carrying structures was proposed, as well as technical, technological and functional details related to these concepts were analysed. For the purposes of optimization, the method of topological optimization was used, modifying the assumptions for each of these concepts and iteratively adapting to the specific technology of making the vehicle's body. The numerical simulations were carried out for a previously selected outside vehicle's surface, optimized in order to minimize the aerodynamical resistance forces.
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