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Context:Leptospirosis is under-reported because of its wide spectrum of signs and symptoms. The infection mainly occurs in farmers and individuals involved in water-related jobs and activities and it can be 100 times more frequent in tropical areas. Aim: The present hospital-based study was conducted in an endemic area of tropical country to find out the case fatality of this disease over time, age, and sex. Settings and Design: It was a hospital-based retrospective study of five years conducted in a tertiary care hospital in Kerala, India. Materials and Methods: The data were collected from registers maintained in the medical records department and analysed by using Microsoft excel. Statistical Analysis: Chi-square and 'Z' tests were applied for the comparison of proportions. Results: Of the 1,523 confirmed cases, 993 (65.20%) were male and 530 (33.02%) were female. Of the confirmed cases, 63 died: 44 (69.84%) male and 19 (30.15%) female. The case fatality of leptospirosis was 4.13%, and it was high in the age group 40-60 years in both sexes. Of the 63 deaths, 20 (31.74%) were due to multiple organ dysfunction and 12 (19.04%) due to renal failure. The case fatality rate was high in males and it increased with age in both sexes. The case fatality rate of leptospirosis varied in the age groups <20 and ≥60 years, which were 1.22% and 19.32%, respectively. The case fatality of males was 4.43% and of females it was 3.58%. Conclusion: It was suggested that effective leptospirosis control in endemic areas needs a multifactorial approach.

Context: Pneumonia is an infl ammatory condition of the lung affecting the alveoli with the infection of microorganisms. Aim: The present study aims to fi nd out the case fatality of pneumonia based on the variables such as age, sex and year. Study Design and Settings: It is a retrospective study of fi ve years conducted in medical college hospital at the Ernakulam district of Kerala State in India. Methods and Materials: The data were collected from the Medical Records department and analyzed by using Microsoft Excel. Statistical Analysis Used: 'Z' test was applied for fi nding out the difference in proportions. Result: Out of 5496 pneumonia cases, 3340 (60.77%) were males and 2156 (39.22%) were females. The proportion of males was higher than females. The proportion of pneumonia cases was higher in the low age group (0-5 years) than other age groups. Broncho-pneumonia (84.95%) was reported as the most dominant type of infection in the present study. Of 5496 cases, 79 deaths were reported with a case fatality rate of 1.43%. Case fatality rate among males (1.67%) was higher than females (1.06%) (P = 0.05). Case fatality rate of pneumonia in 0-5 years was 0.11% and 36.84% in 85 years and above. Case fatality of pneumonia increased from 0.55% in 2005 to 4.39% in 2010. Conclusion: The case infection of pneumonia is higher in low age groups due to associated risk factors while case fatality is higher in old age groups may be due to aging of organ systems and age-associated diseases.