Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is the main cause of cervical cancer and genital warts and constitutes one of the most common sexually transmitted infections. Cervical cancer is the only reproductive cancer that has a primary prevention programme through the introduction of HPV vaccinations. Even though the majority of European countries have nationally funded HPV vaccination programmes, in Poland these are exclusively local and scarcely funded. Moreover, the majority of local programmes are directed to females only. Meanwhile, Poland has one of the highest cervical cancer incidence rates among high income countries. The aim of this study was to measure HPV vaccination levels among final-year students in Poland and to establish the association between vaccination status and gender, region and level of sexual education received. This study is a part of the POLKA 18 Study, which used original self-reported paper-based questionnaires distributed in schools in six Polish regions. The study was conducted between April and December 2019. The obtained data were analysed in STATA 17. In total, 2701 fully completed questionnaires were collected. Over half of the respondents (58.2%) did not know their HPV vaccination status. Only 16.0% of the respondents replied that they have been vaccinated against HPV (18.2% of females and 14.5% of males). There was no direct association between vaccination status and access to ‘family life education’ classes. The vaccination level significantly differed among the different regions of Poland (p < 0.0001), with the Śląskie and Wielkopolskie regions achieving the highest rates. At least a quarter of adolescents after their sexual debut have not been vaccinated against HPV. Regions with immunization programmes introduced to their provincial capitals had higher vaccination rates. Our findings indicate the need for the introduction of state-funded vaccination programmes at the national level for the vaccination rate to increase, which will have the potential to decrease cervical cancer incidence in the country.

Oxidative stress has been implicated in many diseases, including reproductive and pregnancy disorders, from subfertility to maternal vascular disease or preterm labour. There is, however, discrepancy within the standardized markers of oxidative stress in obstetrics and gynaecology in clinical studies. This review aims to present the scope of markers used between 2012 and 2022 to describe oxidative stress with regard to reproduction, pregnancy, and pregnancy-related issues. Despite the abundance of evidence, there is no consensus on the set of standardised markers of oxidative stress which poses a challenge to achieve universal consensus in order to appropriately triangulate the results.

Introduction Sleep duration might be affected by many mental states that are a result of discrimination, lack of social acceptance and stressful lifestyle. Sexual minorities in unfriendly environments are at risk of the aforementioned conditions and significantly affect their sleep therefore interfere with their circadian rhythm, health outcomes and quality of life. Objectives This study aims to estimate the association between duration of sleep among Polish adolescent sexual minorities groups. Methods The data on the level of sleep were retrieved from POLKA 18 study, funded by ESC, which is a youth-led cross-sectional analytical study of Polish adolescents. A paper-based self-reported questionnaire, building up on the interdisciplinary model of holistic approaches in adolescent gynaecology, has been used to collect data from schools in five Polish regions. The questionnaires were distributed in the schools during the time of April-June 2019 by local research associates, who are medical students. The obtained data has been analysed using STATA 16. Results We received 650 results and included 632 in our final analysis. We have asked our respondents a question on which sexual orientation they identify with and 2.6% of them declared being attracted to people from the same sex, 4.27% declared as bisexual, 0.8% asexual. Overall, 41.3% of the respondents reported sleeping less than 6 hours a night. It seems that there is a strong association between the length of sleep and sexual orientation with LGBA youth being less likely to reach recommended 7 hours of sleep a night. 41.2% who identified as gay/lesbians and 40.7% who identified as bisexual reported having less than 7 hours of sleep duration in comparison to 60.2% of their heterosexual counterparts. (p&lt;0.001). Conclusions American National Sleep Foundation recommends 7-9 hours of sleep for young adults aged 18-25 (National Sleep Foundation, 2015) and our study reports that youth identified as sexual minorities are less likely to reach the recommended hours of sleep in comparison to their heterosexual peers. Although ourstudy focused solely on the duration of sleep, other studies reported a higher prevalence of many other sleep disturbances, such as insomnia that has strong correlation with stress levels and mental health problems (Galinsky et al., 2018; Fricke et al., 2017; Chen et al., 2017). Moreover, other reports from Korea and China show that those who had shorter sleep duration were more likely to have depressive symptoms and suicidal tendencies (Li et al., 2017; Lee et al., 2017). In multiple studies, sexual minorities have reported more prevalence of mental health problems. Therefore, appropriate sleeping hygiene should be accounted as one of the important factors and strategies to improve mental health among adolescents, especially those identified as part of sexual minorities. Disclosure No.

The aim of this study was to investigate the association between PMS (premenstrual syndrome)-related pain among young women following a particular type of diet during the COVID-19 pandemic. This was compared to the period before the pandemic. Furthermore, we aimed to determine whether the increase in the intensification of pain was correlated to their age, body weight, height and BMI, and whether there are differences in PMS-related pain between women who differ in their diet. A total of 181 young female Caucasian patients who met the criteria for PMS were involved in the study. Patients were divided according to the kind of diet they had followed during the last 12 months before the first medical evaluation. The rise in pain score was evaluated according to the Visual Analog Scale before and during the pandemic. Women following a non-vegetarian (“basic”) diet had a significantly higher body weight in comparison to those on a vegetarian diet. Furthermore, a significant difference was noted between the level of intensification of pain before and during the pandemic in women applying a basic diet, a vegetarian and an elimination diet. Before the pandemic, women from all groups felt weaker pain than during the pandemic. No significant difference in the intensification of pain during the pandemic was shown between women with various diets, nor was there a correlation between intensification of pain and the girl’s age, BMI, their body weight and also height for any of the diets applied.