Introduction Adverse drug interaction is a major cause of morbidity and mortality. Its occurrence is influenced by a multitude of factors. The influences of drug-drug interactions (DDIs) can be minimized through creation of awareness to health care professionals. Objective The objective of this study was to assess DDIs in Ayder Comprehensive Specialized Hospital (ACSH). Methodology A retrospective study design was employed on patient prescriptions available in the outpatient department of pharmacy and filled from September 2016 to February 2017 in ACSH. Result From the 600 prescription records assessed, the average number of drugs on single prescription was 2.73. Regarding the interaction observed 34 (9.63%) prescriptions with major drug-drug interaction, 210 (59.5%) moderate, 87 (24.65%) minor, and 22 (6.22%) unknown were identified. Age category showed significant association to affect the occurrence of DDIs and polypharmacy had statistically significant association with DDIs in bivariate analysis which was lost in adjusted OR. Conclusion From the current study it can be concluded that nearly half of the prescription ordered in ACSH contained DDIs and from the prescription with interacting medications majority of them had moderate DDIs.

Objective: Three doses of monovalent Hepatitis B vaccinations that given for six months were the most effective as well as a safe way to prevent Hepatitis B viral infection. Ethiopia is one of the countries with high endemicity of Hepatitis B infection. Hence, examining cost-utility analysis of hepatitis B vaccination coverage among healthcare workers in Ethiopia was found the most essential work. Method: : Markov model for expanding vaccination coverage (3 doses of hepatitis B vaccine) was simulated based on the data obtained from black lion specialized hospitals and distinctive works of literature. In Ethiopia, the current vaccine coverage among health care workers accounts for around 14%. Most health workforce (241,250) of Ethiopia was first considered as susceptible with a probability of getting Hepatitis B Virus acutely and 5-10% chance of progressing to chronic Hepatitis B. This study was conducted from a healthcare payer perspective, with 3% discount rate of cost and health outcome as WHO recommendation. Primarily health outcome was measured by QALY gain and ICER. Deterministic analysis and tornado diagrams were employed to manage parameter uncertainty and show a plausible range of cost and effectiveness of variables obtained from published articles and black lion specialized hospitals. Result: Current vaccination program is more expensive (US$29.99) with a positive incremental cost of US$ 1.32 and less effective that have negative incremental effectiveness of -0.08 and total life year gains of 28.54 than Expanded Hepatitis B vaccination strategy which costs US$ 28.67 and gives relatively high total life-year gain of 28.62. The resulting ICER was US$ 16.23 per QALY gained. Hence, ICER was a negative current vaccination strategy that was dominated which means that is a more expensive and less effective strategy. One-way sensitivity analysis provides that the current vaccine coverage was dominated for an increase in the risk of infection among unvaccinated individuals. Conclusion: Increasing current vaccine coverage from 14% to 80% among all Ethiopian all healthcare workforces was the most cost-effective strategy.

Objective Ethiopia is one of the countries with high endemicity of hepatitis B infection. In Ethiopia, the current vaccine coverage among health care workers accounts for around 14%. Most health workforce (241,250) of Ethiopia was first considered as susceptible with a probability of getting Hepatitis B Virus acutely and 5–10% chance of progressing to chronic Hepatitis B. Hence, examining cost-utility analysis of hepatitis B vaccination coverage among healthcare workers in Ethiopia was found the most essential work.Method Markov model for expanding vaccination coverage (3 doses of hepatitis B vaccine) was simulated based on the data obtained both primary and secondary data. A secondary data particularly cost and effectiveness data were obtained from published articles, World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines and Ethiopian Federal Ministry of Health (FMOH) documents. Moreover, cost related data for vaccination and chronic hepatitis B treatment were also gathered by interviewing expertise from Tikur Anbesa Specialized Hospital (TASH). This study was conducted from a healthcare payer perspective, with 3% discount rate of cost and health outcome as WHO recommendation. Primarily health outcome was measured by Quality Adjusted Life Year (QALY) gain and Incremental Cost-Effectiveness Ratio (ICER). Deterministic analysis and tornado diagrams were employed to manage parameter uncertainty and show a plausible range of cost and effectiveness of variables.Result Current vaccination program is more expensive (USD 29.99) with a positive incremental cost of USD 1.32 and less effective that have negative incremental effectiveness of -0.08 and total life year gains of 28.54 than Expanded Hepatitis B vaccination strategy which costs USD 28.67 and gives relatively high total life-year gain of 28.62. The resulting ICER was USD 16.23 per QALY gained. However, the ICER was a negative for the current vaccination strategy that could show, it was dominated by the Expanded Hepatitis B vaccination strategy. One-way sensitivity analysis also provided that the current vaccine coverage was dominated for an increase in the risk of infection among unvaccinated individuals.Conclusion Increasing current vaccine coverage from 14% to no less than 80% across Ethiopian healthcare workforces would be the most cost-effective strategy.