Combined archaeological and ecological investigations in a large ancient oak forest in Central France have revealed a dense network of ancient human settlements dating from the Roman period. We demonstrate a strong correlation between present-day forest plant diversity patterns and the location of Roman farm buildings. Plant species richness strongly increases toward the center of the settlements, and the frequency of neutrophilous and nitrogen-demanding species is higher. This pattern is paralleled by an increase in soil pH, available P, and delta(15)N, indicating the long-term impact of former agricultural practices on forest biogeochemical cycles. These extensive observations in a forested region on acid soils complement and confirm previous results from a single Roman settlement on limestone. Ancient Roman agricultural systems are increasingly being identified in contemporary French forests; the broad extent and long-lasting effects of previous cultivation shown in this study require that land-use history be considered as a primary control over biodiversity variations in many forest landscapes, even after millennia of abandonment.
RésuméCet article a pour objectif de montrer comment l'emploi de la pédoanthracologie permet de contribuer à l'étude de l'histoire de la végétation ligneuse de stations situées à des altitudes élevées. Cette méthode paléoenvironnementale est fondée sur l'identification microscopique et la datation (au14C par SMA) des charbons de bois macrofossiles enfouis dans les sols minéraux et extraits par tamisage sur un tamis de 400 μm. Dans les Alpes françaises du Sud, le déterminisme climatique de l'asylvatisme actuel de l'étage alpin est remis en cause par la découverte de charbons de bois dans tous les prélèvements réalisés dans cet étage. Les résultats révèlent l'importance géographique dePinus cembra, dont l'aire de répartition était bien plus étendue entre 3 800 et 1 400 ans BP que de nos jours. La précision spatiale de la méthode est soulignée par l'étude de plusieurs profils pédoanthracologiques d'une station dans une vallée des Alpes françaises du Nord ; cette analyse présente les changements locaux de la limite supérieure d'Alnus glutinosa/A. incanadepuis environ 6 000 ans. Des hypothèses impliquant les pratiques agro-sylvo-pastorales couplées à d'éventuelles péjorations climatiques expliquent les changements survenus dans la végétation forestière de cette station.
The uppermost limits of past treelines in the Alps are established using soil type and soil charcoal mass. In all the studied sites, a sharp decrease of soil charcoal mass is correlated with the upper altitudinal limit of podzols. On the basis of this evidence, the uppermost tree limit reached 2500i: 100m a.s.l. in the Valaisan Alps during the Holocene, i.e., it was 250 100m higher than today's potential treeline. Consequently, the timberline would have reached 2400 100m a.s.l.. From the strong decline of charcoals concentration in soils above 2500m a.s.l., we infer that conifer species were rare or very rare above this A altitude during the Holocene. Joint interpretation of charcoal, pollen, soil and macrofossil data suggest HOLOCENE that alpine meadows with at most scattered conifers were present throughout the Holocene in the today's RESEARCH middle and upper alpine belt. PAPER
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